Preferred Language
Articles
/
jols-278
آلية عمل المحاكم الجنائية الدولية
...Show More Authors

تعد العدالة عنصراً اساسياً من عناصر صنع السلام الحقيقي، ومن هذه المقولة ننطلق لنعالج الموضوع الذي نحن بصدده والمعنون آلية عمل المحاكم الجنائية الدولية. إذ غالباً ما يتعذر على القضاء الوطني اداء مهمته في تحقيق العدالة، وقد لا يقوم اساساً بها، وعند ذلك هل يكون هذا مدعاة لترك مرتكبي الجرائم الدولية بدون محاكمة وعقاب؟

      وهنا تكمن اهمية هذا الموضوع، تحقيق العدالة بعقاب المجرمين الدوليين والسعي قدر المستطاع لإنصاف الضحايا. ولأنه في كثير من الاحيان ينظر الى مسألة العدالة بعد النزاعات على انها نقيض السلام لذلك يصار الى تقديم الحلول السياسية والتسويات على تنفيذ القوانين واحقاق الحقوق المنتهكة والمسلوبة.

      ولنعد الى السؤال الذي طرحناه انفا ونجيب عليه بالفكرة القاضية بإنشاء المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، هذه الفكرة التي تحققت على ارض الواقع وحالفها النجاح في اتفاقية لندن التي اعقبت الحرب العالمية الثانية عام ١٩٤٥ بإنشاء المحكمة العسكرية لمحاكمة كبار مجرمي الحرب في المانيا والمحكمة العسكرية لمحاكمة كبار مجرمي الحرب في الشرق الادنى او ما اصطلح على تسميته محكمتي نورمبرغ وطوكيو.

      وقدم بعد هذا التأريخ أكثر من مشروع الا ان هذه المشاريع ظلت تراوح مكانها حتى مطلع التسعينات وانهيار نظام القطبية الثنائية والذي صاحبه بروز النزعات العرقية والقومية متخذة منحنى عنيفاً ومأساوياً تمثل باندلاع حروب صاحبها ارتكاب اعمال وحشية وقتل وتعذيب واباة غير مسبوقة وعلى نطاق واسع.

      وقد أدت الجرائم المرتكبة في كل من يوغسلافيا السابقة ورواندا الى اتخاذ مجلس الامن قرارين هما، القرار رقم ٨٢٧ لسنة ١٩٩٣ والقاضي بإنشاء المحكمة الجنائية الدولية لمحاكمة المسؤولين عن الانتهاكات الجسيمة للقانون الانساني الدولي والمرتكبة في اراضي يوغسلافيا السابقة منذ العام ١٩٩٠. وقد تميزت هذه المحكمة بامتداد اختصاصها لكل من ينتهك القانون الانساني الدولي بغض النظر عن انتمائه لأي طرف من أطراف النزاع وللجرائم التالية:

١- الانتهاكات الجسيمة لمعاهدات جنيف الاربع لعام ١٩٤٩.

٢- مخالفات قوانين واعراف الحرب.

٣- الابادة الجماعية.

٤- جرائم ضد الانسانية.

      وكان القرار الثاني رقم ٩٥٥ لسنة ١٩٩٤ وهو الخاص بإنشاء المحكمة الجنائية الدولية لمحاكمة المسؤولين عن جرائم الابادة الجماعية وجرائم ضد الانسانية وانتهاكات المادة/٣ المشتركة من معاهدات جنيف لعام ١٩٤٩ والبروتوكول الاضافي الثاني وذلك نظرا لطبيعة النزاع المسلح الداخلي في رواندا.

      وهكذا كان القرارين من أهم العوامل المحفزة والمسرعة لخطى انشاء محكمة جنائية دولية دائمة للعقاب على اشد الجرائم خطورة على المجتمع الدولي.

وعليه يكون الهدف من وراء انشاء محكمة جنائية دولية في:

  • الرد على انتهاكات القانون الانساني الدولي.
  • ايجاد البديل لحالات فشل القضاء الوطني المؤسس على:
  • الافتقار الى الاستقلال والحيادية.
  • الافتقار الى الموارد البشرية والمالية، مما ينجم عنه عدم القدرة هيكلياً على العمل.
  • معالجة اخطاء وعيوب المحاكم الدولية الخاصة.

      وعليه يكون امامنا نوعين من المحاكم الجنائية الدولية، المؤقتة والدائمة المتمثلة بالمحكمة الجنائية الدولية. وهذا الاختلاف في المحاكم الجنائية الدولية لا بد من ان يتبعه تمايز في المبدأ المستند عليه الاختصاص القضائي لكل منهما. مع الاخذ بنظر الاعتبار الى علاقته باختصاص القضاء الوطني بمحاكمة وعقاب مرتكبي الجرية الدولية.

      وعليه سيكون تناولنا لموضوع ألية عمل المحاكم الجنائية الدولية المؤقتة والدائمة وتبعاً اختلافها مقسما الى فرعين: الاول خاص بالمحاكم المؤقتة والثاني للمحكمة الجنائية الدولية الدائمة.

View Publication Preview PDF
Quick Preview PDF
Publication Date
Tue Jul 11 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
International Studies Concerning Teachers’ Attitudes towards the Inclusion of Students with Special Educational Needs: Review of Literature
...Show More Authors

Over the years, the issue of inclusion of students with special educational needs (SEN) in mainstream schools is controversial worldwide. Evidence from research argues that without a positive teachers’ attitude towards the inclusion of students with SEN in mainstream schools, the successful implementation of inclusion is most likely doubtable. The aim of this paper is to understand teachers’ attitudes towards the inclusion of students with SEN in mainstream schools from different perspectives and from different contexts. The conclusion drawn in this review can be that teachers’ attitude is the most important key towards the appropriate inclusion implementation in mainstream schools. The disparity of teachers’ attitudes towards th

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Mon Feb 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
International variables and their impact on the flow of foreign direct investment in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
...Show More Authors

Abstract:

The six Arab Gulf states (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE) play a vital role, especially with its geographical location and natural  resources (oil and gas) as well as other cultural and civilizational elements, in achieving  global economic balance and more specifically global energy security, naturally  because of  these countries have a comparative advantage in the field of fossil energy (oil and gas), thus this sector becomes more attractive for local and international investments alike. Being  the energy sector a leader sector in the economic development process, and the basic factor to achieve savings and financial surpluses in thes

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Sun Oct 01 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The possibility of the application of international accounting standards to strengthen the role of oil companies in the region environment
...Show More Authors

Abstract:

 The underlying objective of the international standard No. (6) to assist in accounting applications for the extractive industries, taking into consideration the goals and objectives contained in the sixteenth of the private International Accounting Standards criterion accounting for land, machinery and equipment, as well as Standard No. axes (38) relating to intangible assets, and in order to create a vision of a comprehensive development needs oil in order to exact evaluation of policies related to the particular needs and draw a comprehensive frameworks with respect to treatment of expenditures and revenues in the oil production industry, is also interested in Standard No. (6) within the primary objectiv

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Sat Apr 01 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Proposal framework to activate the international accounting procedures for disasters and wars effects in the local environment
...Show More Authors

natural and non-natural disasters, is an environmental challenges the society and the economy as well as a direct and indirect economic affect, and the units are part of the system overlapping among themselves and thus affected by external indicators, directly or indirectly, these direct effects appear in the destruction or damage inflicted by disasters in property , infrastructure , superstructure , accounting information systems and indirectly in the outcome of future business, comes research problem through access to accounting treatments issued by the Federal Office of financial supervision to address the damage caused by the disasters and prepare the missing financial accounts it turns out us that there is negligence of a nu

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref (1)
Crossref
Publication Date
Mon Oct 01 2018
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
International News Agencies Treatment of the Great Return Marches A Case Study of Agence France Presse “AFP”
...Show More Authors

This study examines Agence France Presse’s (AFP) media treatment of the Great Return Marches in order to identify its contents, the issues it gave attention to, its sources, attitude, techniques, objectives, the journalistic forms used in covering events and the typographic elements used to highlight them.

This descriptive study employed the survey methodology through the use of content analysis method, and the methodology of mutual relations through the use of the case study method. The data was collected by means of a content analysis form. The study was based on the Agenda Setting Theory in the analysis of the study results.
The study sample included (116) news texts from AFP collected during the period from 20/3/2018 to

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Tue Nov 09 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The role of international evaluation standards (IVS) in enhancing the quality of financial reporting (appropriate accounting information(
...Show More Authors

The research aims to introduce international valuation standards and to identify the relationship between international valuation standards and international accounting and financial reporting standards in enhancing the quality of financial reporting (appropriate accounting information) through the use of statistical models for the purpose of measuring the property of appropriateness of accounting information through the use of statistical models for the purpose of proving the hypothesis that The research referred to it, and accordingly, the Francis and Kothari models were used to measure the appropriateness of accounting information (the quality of the information). The conclusions reached by the two researchers is that the sett

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Tue Oct 01 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The redesign of the accounting system to banks in the local environment in accordance with international Islamic banking applications
...Show More Authors

At the local level in the early 1990s first established an Islamic bank 1993 is called Iraqi Islamic bank and was established by Dr. abdullatef hmim and with capital of 200 Million Iraqi dinars .

After 2003 began the attention of Iraqis tend to create Islamic banks until now up to 30 banks in the present ,  He confirmed Mr. Governor of the Iraqi Central Bank recently that there is more than 40 iintroduction licence to establish an Islamic bank in Iraq , That banking activity which is compatible with Sharia law widely welcomed by savers and those in need for more development and modernization in order to gain a greater share within the Iraqi market , and allowed the Iraqi Central Bank in recent years

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Sat Aug 20 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
The Constitutional and Legal Basis of National Human Rights Institutions in Iraq and their Compatibility with International Standards
...Show More Authors

The issue of human rights has become an international obligation of States, and the mere recognition of these rights by States, no matter how clear and precise, does not constitute a guarantee in itself. The state shall assume its status to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms. The national protection mechanisms are diverse. They are either constitutional, judicial or political. Human rights in Iraq, as each institution or body to be able to exercise its powers, must be based on a legislative basis, whether legal or constitutional basis, In order to achieve its goal of promoting and protecting human rights.

View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Feb 05 2020
Journal Name
Political Sciences Journal
The role and effectiveness of the United Nations Security Council in light of the competition of international powers: an analytical study
...Show More Authors

Abstract As the United Nations approaches its 70th anniversary, the world is going through the most severe accumulation of serious international security failures in recent memory, challenging the UN Security Council’s ability to address them effectively. Over the past four years, crises in Libya, Syria and Ukraine have precipitated a worrisome erosion of great power relations that has complicated Security Council decision making on a number of trouble spots. Its inability to devise consensus responses to the escalating civil war in Syria has been particularly troubling, resulting in the regional spill over into Iraq and the emergence of Islamic State as a new threat to peace in the region and beyond. Meanwhile, the UN’s often under

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Thu Mar 02 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
دور القضاء الدولي في تطوير إلزامية مبادئ القانون الدولي الانساني (محكمة العدل الدولية إنموذجا)
...Show More Authors

We had, in this research, the role of international justice in the mandatory principles of international humanitarian law development (ICJ model), where divided by the two sections: the first, outlining the direction of the international character of the judiciary on the Convention and the principles of customary international humanitarian law.

The second section, which handled the position of international justice in the peremptory norms of international humanitarian law of nature.

In conclusion we dealt with the most important conclusions we reached in this regard, and some of the necessary recommendations in this area.

View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref