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القواعد الدولية للملاحة في المضائق الدولية
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لا شك ان للبحار والمحيطات أهمية قصوى في حياة الافراد والشعوب ليس على صعيد توفير المصادر الغذائية والثروات المعدنية حسب، وانما كأداة رئيسة ميسورة في عمليات النقل والمواصلات بين الامم. ولذلك فقد سعى المجتمع الدولي منذ مدة طويلة، الى تنظيم استغلال هذا المورد المهم، ووضع القواعد الكفيلة باستخدامه التي تعد في الواقع، البداية الحقيقية لظهور قواعد القانون الدولي، والباعث الاول على قيامه.

      وقد احتل موضوع تنظيم الملاحة في المضايق الدولية مكانا بارزا على هذا الصعيد، نظراً لما لهذه المضايق من تأثير فاعل في سير العمليات الملاحية عبر البحار، وما تشكله من حلقات وصل رئيسة فيما بينها. وعلى هذا الاساس، جرى تنظيم الوضع القانوني للعديد من المضايق الدولية الهامة كالمضايق التركية والدانماركية ومضيق جبل طارق ومضيق ماجلان، طبقا لاتفاقيات دولية خاصة بها.

      وقد تعاظمت اهمية المضايق الدولية بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية نتيجة للتطور التكنلوجي الهائل في وسائط النقل البحري ووسائل استكشاف واستغلال البحار، وما رافقه من تقدم في الانشطة العسكرية والتجارية والمدنية المختلفة، وتطور في الاستراتيجية البحرية للدول بوجه عام والدول العظمى على وجه الخصوص، الأمر الذي انعكس بدوره في مدة وجيزة من الزمن على النظام القانوني الملاحي للمضايق الدولية، وهذا ما يبدو واضحا من خلال القواعد التي ارستها الممارسات العرفية في هذا المجال والاتفاقيات الدولية وفي مقدمتها اتفاقيات جنيف لعام ١٩٥٨ واتفاقية قانون البحار لعام ١٩٨٢ - التي اضفت الصفة الدولية على الكثير من المضايق التي لم تكن تخضع لهذه الصفة من قبل، ووسعت من نطاق مفهوم المرور عبر المضايق الدولية من حق المرور البريء الى حق المرور العابر الذي يعتبر في رأي البعض الاقرب الى نظلم  لمرور الحر في اعالي البحار.

وعلى الرغم من تعدد ميادين استخدام البحار وتنوعها، الا ان استخدامها كميدان للملاحة التجارية بين الدول يعد الاهم من بينها على الاطلاق، كما ويشكل العمود الفقري للاقتصاد العالمي في عصر يتميز بالتبادل والترابط الوثيق بين اعضاء المجتمع الدولي. ولذلك فقد تعين ازالة المعوقات والعقبات كافة التي من شأنها ان تعرقل حرية المرور عبر المضايق الدولية، مع الاخذ بعين الاعتبار الحفاظ على المصالح السيادية والامنية والبيئية للدول المطلة على هذه المضايق. أي يتعين ايجاد نظام قانوني ملاحي للمضايق الدولية يحقق التوزان العادل بين المصالح الوطنية لهذه الدول من جهة، والمصالح العليا او الحيوية للمجتمع الدولي من جهة اخرى.

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Publication Date
Mon Feb 07 2022
Journal Name
مجلة الدراسات الاقتصادية والادارية
Measuring readiness to accomplish organizational change through personal characteristics: Crisis management approach: An exploratory study of the opinions of a sample of managers at Central Technical
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The self-evident truth existing in today's business environment is the continuity of change and its continuity and turmoil, also its increase over time as it is more abundant, abundant, wide and complex than ever before, and it is the dominant feature in the business environment, as different organizations and operating units can find themselves shifting from the top to the bottom. And then it requires its departments to strive to adapt to these rapid and turbulent shifts and changes by bringing about a series of organizational and adaptive changes that are not limited to one organizational aspect only but rather include all organizational components. Accordingly, this research came to determine the readiness of public organizations to chan

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 01 2024
Journal Name
Journal Of The Faculty Of Medicine Baghdad
The Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Gonadal Hormonal Hunctions in Iraqi Wome: تأثير كوفيد -19 على الدورة الشهرية
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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had effects beyond the respiratory system, impacting health and quality of life. Stress-related to the pandemic has led to temporary menstrual pattern changes in around one-third of women. These changes, likely driven by stress and anxiety, can result in problematic heavy bleeding, causing anemia and negatively affecting women's well-being. This also places a substantial socioeconomic burden on individuals, families, healthcare, and society.

Objectives: This study examined the impact of COVID-19 infection on the hormone levels (estradiol, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone) and heavy menstrual bleeding in Iraqi premenopausal women

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Publication Date
Fri Mar 01 2024
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Comparative Study of Genomic DNA Extraction Protocols from Whole Blood for P53 Gene Polymorphism in Persons with and without Prostate Cancer
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In latest decades, genetic methods have developed into a potent tool in a number of life-attaching applications. In research looking at demographic genetic diversity, QTL detection, marker-assisted selection, and food traceability, DNA-based technologies like PCR are being employed more and more. These approaches call for extraction procedures that provide efficient nucleic acid extraction and the elimination of PCR inhibitors. The first and most important stage in molecular biology is the extraction of DNA from cells. For a molecular scientist, the high quality and integrity of the isolated DNA as well as the extraction method's ease of use and affordability are crucial factors. The present study was designed to establish a simple, fast

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Publication Date
Thu Aug 01 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The Role of Culture Consumption in an Increase of Deception Marketing , a Sample Survey of Cosmetic Users Employees College of Administration & Economics / University of Mosul
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Economics / University of Mosul

 

Abstract

The spread of the phenomenon of excessive buying in our society, especially for cosmetics, and at the same time increase the marketing deception by the organizations to take quick profit 'and accordingly was identified the problem of research in several questions, including:

Is there a significant effect of consumption culture on marketing deception?                                                &n

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 13 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi National Journal Of Nursing Specialties
Causes of maternal death in Mizan Aman and Gebretsadik shawo general hospitals from 2011 – 2015: A case - control study using propensity score matching analysis
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Objective: To identify causes of maternal death in Mizan Aman and Gebretsadik shawo general hospitals
Methodology: A case control study on 595 charts, 119 cases and 476 controls was conducted in Mizan
Aman & Gebretsadik shawo general hospitals. Data was analyzed by STATA 13.1. Propensity score
matching analysis was used to see causes of maternal death.
Results: Hemorrhage were the main direct causes of maternal death which accounts 47.9% (β =0.58
(95% CI (0.28,0.87)) in hospital but when projected to population based the sample (β =0.26 (95% CI
(0.22,0.31)). Followed by infection 36 (25.21%) (β = 0.50 (95% CI (0.08, 0.92)). when projected to
population based the sample PIH 7.6%) is significant cause (β = 0.16

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Publication Date
Mon Mar 11 2019
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Laboratory Study for Biodegradation of Oxymatrine Insecticide by Single and Mixed Cultures of Fungi Isolated from Agriculture Soils in Basrah Governorate, Iraq
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This study focuses on the biodegradation of oxymatrine insecticide by some soil fungi isolated from four agriculture stations. The results showed that the highest degradation rate 94.66% was recorded by Ulocladium sp. at 10 days and A. niger recorded the lowest degradation rate 45.86%, while at 20 days Ulocladium sp. also showed the highest degradation rate 94.98% and the lowest degradation rate reached to 82.49% with A.niger. The mix (Exerohilum sp.+Ulocladium sp.) recorded the highest degradation rate of oxymatrine insecticide 90.22%, 88.51%, 85.34%  at 4, 8 and 12 ppm.The use of mixed isolates enhanced the biodegradation process. There is no study of oxymatrine biodegradation

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 13 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Analyzing the net profitability of total investments using a constructed mathematical model: An applied research at Iraqi Middle East Bank for investment for the financial years 2008-2010
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The trading banks in Iraq invest their funds according to regulations imposed by the Central Bank in Iraq in different financial fields like stock exchanges, acquire stocks as assets that could be sold at any time as well as make loans and contributing in corporations establishment also magnitude foreign capital through direct contacts with foreign exchange markets.

We can summarize the problem of this paper as shortage in mathematical models that used in studying and analyzing these investments and according to this problem we used (a constructed mathematical model ) consists of three major indicators: profitability of total investment assets which is divided into three sub-indicators: owners equity risk indicator, debits risk i

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Publication Date
Sun Apr 02 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of The Faculty Of Medicine Baghdad
Comparison study between the treatment of Hepatitis C virus with (peg-interferon, ribavirin, silymarin) and (peg-interferon, ribavirin) in Baghdad teaching hospital.
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Background: Infection with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, WHO estimated that about 170 million people are infected with Hepatitic C virus, Silymarin (Legalon) have been recently shown to be effective in treatment of Hepatitic C virus infection.
Objectives: The effectiveness of Legalon (Silymarin) on viral load in patients with Hepatitic C virus infection.
Patients and methods: A prospective case – control study included 400 patients with Hepatitis C virus infection. 200 patients (group A) were treated with (peg-interferon, ribavirin, silymarin) the other 200 patients (group B) were treated with (peg-interferon, ribavirin) . only G1 & G4 genotypes were included , viral load were assessed ini

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Crossref
Publication Date
Fri Apr 12 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Balanced Scorecard (BSC) role And Six Sigma in improving strategic performance A sample study of the members of the General Company for Northern Cement
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Assessing performance efficiency is critical to the management need for oversight, planning, and continuous periodic evaluation of the multiple activities of Northern Cement State Company in order to determine the level of achievement of the objectives set, and to correct the deviations and delays that the evaluation shows and limitation of liability. What cannot be measured cannot be managed. The aim of this research is to highlight the impact of using BSC, financial and non-financial, to give comprehensive and clear picture of the company's performance and to measure the quality of its performance by using six-sigma and the level of deviations in achieving the planned goals. Therefore, four-key hypotheses were formulated for th

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Crossref
Publication Date
Mon Jul 01 2013
Journal Name
Journal Of The Faculty Of Medicine Baghdad
`In Situ Hybridization for Detection of Latent Epstein-Barr Virus Early Repeats(EBERS) and Mutant-P53- Tumor Suppressor Gene in Patients with Non- Hodgkins Lymphoma
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Back ground: Epstein- Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous in that infecting more than 90% of adult population worldwide. Recently, EBV has been linked to the development of variety of human malignancies. P53 gene is mutated in more than 50% of human cancers. Cell cycle dysregulation, measured by p53 protein expression, and latent EBV infection are important in the pathogenesis of Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas.
Objective: To analyze the distribution and impact of concordant p53 expression and latent EBV infection on a group of B & T cell types of NHL.
Materials and Methods: Forty (40) formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue blocks were obtained from lymph nodes biopsies related to patients with NHL.
In addition, biopsies of twenty

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