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القواعد الدولية للملاحة في المضائق الدولية
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لا شك ان للبحار والمحيطات أهمية قصوى في حياة الافراد والشعوب ليس على صعيد توفير المصادر الغذائية والثروات المعدنية حسب، وانما كأداة رئيسة ميسورة في عمليات النقل والمواصلات بين الامم. ولذلك فقد سعى المجتمع الدولي منذ مدة طويلة، الى تنظيم استغلال هذا المورد المهم، ووضع القواعد الكفيلة باستخدامه التي تعد في الواقع، البداية الحقيقية لظهور قواعد القانون الدولي، والباعث الاول على قيامه.

      وقد احتل موضوع تنظيم الملاحة في المضايق الدولية مكانا بارزا على هذا الصعيد، نظراً لما لهذه المضايق من تأثير فاعل في سير العمليات الملاحية عبر البحار، وما تشكله من حلقات وصل رئيسة فيما بينها. وعلى هذا الاساس، جرى تنظيم الوضع القانوني للعديد من المضايق الدولية الهامة كالمضايق التركية والدانماركية ومضيق جبل طارق ومضيق ماجلان، طبقا لاتفاقيات دولية خاصة بها.

      وقد تعاظمت اهمية المضايق الدولية بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية نتيجة للتطور التكنلوجي الهائل في وسائط النقل البحري ووسائل استكشاف واستغلال البحار، وما رافقه من تقدم في الانشطة العسكرية والتجارية والمدنية المختلفة، وتطور في الاستراتيجية البحرية للدول بوجه عام والدول العظمى على وجه الخصوص، الأمر الذي انعكس بدوره في مدة وجيزة من الزمن على النظام القانوني الملاحي للمضايق الدولية، وهذا ما يبدو واضحا من خلال القواعد التي ارستها الممارسات العرفية في هذا المجال والاتفاقيات الدولية وفي مقدمتها اتفاقيات جنيف لعام ١٩٥٨ واتفاقية قانون البحار لعام ١٩٨٢ - التي اضفت الصفة الدولية على الكثير من المضايق التي لم تكن تخضع لهذه الصفة من قبل، ووسعت من نطاق مفهوم المرور عبر المضايق الدولية من حق المرور البريء الى حق المرور العابر الذي يعتبر في رأي البعض الاقرب الى نظلم  لمرور الحر في اعالي البحار.

وعلى الرغم من تعدد ميادين استخدام البحار وتنوعها، الا ان استخدامها كميدان للملاحة التجارية بين الدول يعد الاهم من بينها على الاطلاق، كما ويشكل العمود الفقري للاقتصاد العالمي في عصر يتميز بالتبادل والترابط الوثيق بين اعضاء المجتمع الدولي. ولذلك فقد تعين ازالة المعوقات والعقبات كافة التي من شأنها ان تعرقل حرية المرور عبر المضايق الدولية، مع الاخذ بعين الاعتبار الحفاظ على المصالح السيادية والامنية والبيئية للدول المطلة على هذه المضايق. أي يتعين ايجاد نظام قانوني ملاحي للمضايق الدولية يحقق التوزان العادل بين المصالح الوطنية لهذه الدول من جهة، والمصالح العليا او الحيوية للمجتمع الدولي من جهة اخرى.

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Publication Date
Thu Dec 13 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi National Journal Of Nursing Specialties
Psychological Well-being for Elderly People at Geriatric Centers in Baghdad City
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Objective: To evaluate the levels of Psychological well-being among elderly people and To find out the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics and psychological well-being among elderly people who live in Geriatric centers. Methodology: A descriptive study in which evaluation approach is applied to achieve the objectives of the study the period of the study was from 29 December 2014 to 25 may 2015, The sample is non-probability (purposive sample) of 60 elderly people and selecte according to criteria of sample and for the purpose of the study , ( 40 ) are from Al Rashad and ( 20 ) Sleek

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Publication Date
Thu Aug 31 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Legal Sciences
Constitutional protection of the Human Right Dignity in UAE Law
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God Almighty created Man and made him his successor on Earth. He honored him above all other creatures and granted him all means to protect his human dignity, yet to date some societies violate and breach that protection. We are still hearing of the persecution of blacks in the USA and murdering Muslims in foreign countries even though these groups are entitled to the right to human dignity. The right to human dignity is a sacred right that is guaranteed for all individuals regardless of their color, sex, race, religion or origin. The real problem we are facing is that many societies do not provide sufficient protection for this right and do not put penalties and punishment in case this right is violated. There are numerous forms of the

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Publication Date
Mon Jun 01 2015
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
Das literarische Bild und die sprachliche Struktur der Sprichwörter bei der gegenseitigen Übersetzung im Deutschen und Arabischen The literary image in the translation of the German and Arabic proverbs
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Vorwort:

                              Die Übersetzung gilt in der Vergangenheit als Brücke zwischen  verschiedenen Gesellschaften. Sie spielt eine große Rolle im Bereich Kulturaustausch der Länder. Die Araber haben das früh betrachtet, und die Übersetzung als Wissenschaft wird eine der wichtigsten Lehren. Viele griechische Wissenschaften waren durch Übersetzung in den arabischen Ländern bekannt.

In dieser Forschung findet man einen Überblick über die Wichtigkeit der Sprichwörterübersetzung und welche Rolle spielt diese Übersetzung im Z

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Publication Date
Thu Nov 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Requirements of investment in the marsh : a case study in the Marshlands of Maysan
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The search aims to find out the most important requirements for the success of marshes investment and maximize the expected returns of investment was marked by a problem find aquestion for availability requirements necessary for the success of marshes investment has a research community owners decision in the province Maysan the most important conclusions to the search is that the investment great importance in support of the economy and raising the cultural and social level, there is no investment successful but only with configure the investment environment appropriate economic, social, cultural, political, and security ways. the most important recommendations are working on the provision of the investment environment appropria

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Crossref
Publication Date
Sat Feb 09 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The Foreign Investment in Oil Sector in Iraq after 2003
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Iraq has the distinction of being a great potential of non-renewable natural resources,
especially crude oil and natural gas. Since the discovery of crude oil at the beginning of the
twentieth century in Iraq. Although the different of investment types, it contributed to the oil
sector in the provision of financial resources to the state treasury , since that date until the
present time.
Search has been marked by division ((The foreign investment in the oil sector in Iraq after
2003)) into three sections. The first section included a brief history of the development of
Iraq's oil potential in terms of oil reserves, and oil fields, and the quantities of production and
export. The second section reviewed the investm

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Publication Date
Wed Oct 04 2023
Journal Name
Arab Science Heritage Journal
(التعليم في ايران في سنوات الثورة الدستورية 1905-1911م)
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The Constitutional Revolution is an important event in the modern history of Iran. It led to major changes in the political system and the education system. In addition  to it, laws were enacted that contributed to increasing the number of students who were unable to learn because of their deteriorating economic situation. The revolution also contributed to opening the way for girls to enter the country.  Schools after that was forbidden due to the opposition of the clergy, as the enemy of female education is contrary to Sharia, and different classes appeared in society calling for the fight against ignorance, the development of learning, the education of girls, and the establishment of modern schools for their education

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Publication Date
Wed Dec 30 2015
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
Views of Amadi and Gorgani In the metaphor in their books budget and mediation
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The research revolves around the views of Al-Amadi and Al-Jurjani in the metaphors in their books, balancing Abu Tammam and Al-Bohtari, and mediation between Mutanabi and his opponents. And others whose poems were cited. One of the most important things we have reached is: the critics release the term metaphor to take sometimes and mean to take the meaning or steal it, and analyzed the evidence of metaphor as a rhetorical art in the light of what he heard about the former Arab poets, rejected the unusual metaphor out of use, and reclaimed the familiar metaphor. The research after submitted to the topics are: the first: Al-Amadi and his budget book, the second: Al-Jurjani and his book of mediation, and the third is divided into three dema

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Publication Date
Sun Oct 21 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Planner And Development
استخدام مياه المجاري في استدامة الأراضي في مدينة الرمادي
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Publication Date
Mon Sep 03 2018
Journal Name
Al-academy
Transformer Technician in Pop Art (Study in techniques of show)
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The popular art movement emerged in the mid-fifties in Britain in parallel with its appearance in America.. It was linked to contemporary social reality and what distinguishes this art is the most sophisticated and less aesthetic means and the most blatant in the field of media, ie back to the image used in the media, journalism, magazines, television and photo Which reflect the reality of the neutral artist. This research included the methodological framework represented by the research problem that emerged from pop art as a new experimental vision that emerged in the twentieth century and the importance of the research and its objectives and limits and the definition of terms. The theoretical framework dealt with evolution Technology,

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Crossref
Publication Date
Thu Oct 30 2008
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
Return in the gift and its contraindications in Islamic jurisprudence and Iraqi law
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In his life, a person engages in different types of verbal and actual dispositions that result in various effects, some of which are necessary and not valid, such as selling, and some are not necessary for one of the two contracting parties, such as a mortgage or both, such as lending and agency. However, there are some actions that are sometimes necessary and not necessary at other times, such as a gift that indicates in its simplest sense. Owning money for another without compensation, it is one of the doors of benevolence and benevolence, and it is one of the attributes of perfection with which God, may He be glorified and exalted be He, described Himself. - And if this analogy is the difference - and distanced himself from greed, the

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