Preferred Language
Articles
/
jols-207
جريمة الرشوة دراسة مقارنة بأحكام الشريعة الإسلامية واتفاقية مكافحة الفساد: دراسة مقارنة

     ليس ثمة شك في أن المصالح الضرورية هي ما يضطر إليها الخلق لتنظيم معاشهم وحفظ معادهم ، فإذا اختل أحد هذه المصالح أختل نظام المصالح ، وحلت الفوضى محل التوازن بقدر هذا الاختلال ، وظاهر من هذا الامر أن هذه المصالح لها تعلقان ، تعلق بحفظ مصالح الفرد ، وتعلق بحفظ مصالح المجتمع ، والمصلحة العامة في الشريعة مقدمة على المصلحة الخاصة عند التعارض.

     وشُرعت الاحكام لتحقيق هذه المصالح فهي مصالح الخلق باعتبار ، ومقاصد الشرع باعتبار ثان ، وللوسائل المفضية إليها حكم هذه المقاصد والوسائل المشروعة أما لجلب منفعة أو لدرء مفسدة ، فإذا خالف قصد المكلف قصد الشارع من تشريعه الاحكام وقع باطلاً ، ويتوصل إلى معرفة مشروعية الأسباب عن طريقين ، أحدهما : الشرع ، وثانيهما : العقل والادراك بالعقل أما ضروري أو نظري .

     فإذا كانت المصالح هي علل الاحكام بمعنى أن الاحكام شرعت لتحصيلها إن ادركها العقل كان طريق العلم بالأحكام عقلياً ، ويدعم اتجاه العقل ورود الشرع مؤيداً له ، والعقل قد يدرك المصلحة أو المفسدة بالضرورة أي بدون توقف على نظر أو تأمل ، كإدراك العقل حسن العلم والعدل وقبح الجهل والظلم ، ... وقد يدركها بالنظر والتأمل ويدخل في هذا النطاق كل الحوادث والجزيئيات التي تتأثر بتغير الأزمان والأعراف وتبدل الاحوال والأماكن " ويدخل في هذا النطاق جرائم الرشوة والاختلاس والتزوير ، ونحوها من الجرائم الواقعة على الأموال الماسة بالمصلحة العامة " .

     أما المشرع فيعلم به ما يتوقف ادراك حسنه وقبحه على وروده ، كالمسائل المتعلقة بالعبادات والأمور التعبدية والغيبيات ... ، ويأتي الشرع مؤكداً لاتجاه العقل في ضرورة حفظ مصالح الفرد والمجتمع ، والمجتمع من خلال تشريع الاحكام التي لا يتأثر حسنها أو قبحها بتغير الأزمان والأماكن والأعراف ، كما في الحدود فهي أحكام لا تقبل التبديل أو الاسقاط أو الصلح أو الاجراء ، لأن الإخلال يها يلزم منه الإخلال بمصالح المجتمع ، من هذا المنطلق يمكن إدراك عظمة الشريعة وقدرتها على حماية مصالح الفرد والمجتمع بشكل متوازن .

     وبناءً على ذلك فقد منح الشرع للمشرع الزمني أن يحدد الأفعال التي تشكل تهديداً للمصالح العامة أو الخاصة أو كليهما ، وهذه الأفعال ليست على نمط واحد ، فمنها من نص الشارع الحكيم على تجريمها دون أن ينص على عقوبة محددة لها كالرشوة ، ومنها من لم ينص على تجريمها وعقوبتها كإساءة استعمال السلطة واستغلال النفوذ.

     وتمثل جريمة الرشوة اعتداء على مقاصد الشرع وما يرمي إليه من الوئام والتواصي بالحق والتعاون على البر والتقوى ، واعتداءً على المصالح العامة وتهديداً لها ، وإخلالاً بمفهوم الوظيفة العامة ، لقياسها أساساً على فكرة الاتجار بأعمال الوظيفية أو استغلالها على نحو غير مشروع يتنافى معه أهدافها ، لأن الجهد والعمل هو الأساس في الكسب في حين أن الرشوة هي كسب للأموال بغير جهد أو عمل ، لذا كانت المصلحة المحمية فيها هي المحافظة على هيبة الوظيفة وكرامتها وحسن سير العمل في المرافق العامة من اجل تحقيق الغاية المرجوة من مباشرة النشاط الوظيفي ، فجريمة الرشوة تعرقل نشاط الدولة وتؤثر على اجهزتها المختلفة في أداء نشاطها الطبيعي المرسوم لها ، لمساسها بالعلاقة الوظيفية القائمة بين المرفق العام والموظف ، فالوظيفة هي : مجموعة من المهام والواجبات والمسؤوليات التي ينظر إليها على أنها تكليف مطلوب من الأفراد انجازه[1] ، والإخلال بتلك العلاقة يفضي إلى انحراف الوظيفة عن أهدافها ، وهذا يتنافى مع المصلحة العامة التي تحرص على حماية النشاط الوظيفي من أي انحراف مهما كانت طبيعته أو وصفه[2] .

 

[1] Flipo , personnel , management , 1984 , p14 etc

[2] د.مأمون محمد سلامة ، قانون العقوبات - القسم الخاص  ، الجرائم المضرة بالمصلحة العامة  ، دار الفكر العربي ، القاهرة – مصر ، 1982م ، ص 100 – 101 .

Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Quick Preview PDF
Publication Date
Tue Nov 09 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Strategic leadership and its role in achieving competitiveness in industrial establishments": "A field study in Bashir Al-Siksik & Co. for the manufacture of sanitary and plastic tools

This study aims to know the role of strategic leadership to achieving competitiveness in industrial establishments by identifying the respondents’ perceptions about the level of availability of dimensions of leadership strategies (creativity and innovation, risk tolerance, available opportunities) in Bashir Al-Siksek & Partners Company for the manufacture of sanitary and plastic ware in Gaza strip

To achieve this, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to a sample of managers, auditors, accountants, and administrative employees in the study sample company. The questionnaire tool was distributed to 60 employees and employees, of which (52) were retrieved, or 86.6%, and (8) were excluded for la

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Tue Sep 28 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
Social Safety Nets and Sustainable Development in Fragile Environments: A Field Social Study of Slums in the City of Baghdad/Al-Karkh: هبة صالح مهدي, عدنان ياسين مصطفى

Almost human societies are not void of poverty, as the latter accompanied the emergence of humanity, and it, thus, represents an eternal problem. To advance an individual's reality and raise the level of the poor social classes, social security networks have been established. Such networks operate in society following social systems and laws to provide food, and material support. Besides, such networks help to rehabilitate the individual academically and vocationally. They empower vulnerable groups through the establishment of courses and workshop, provide (conditional) subsidies related to the health and educational aspects in order to achieve the sustainable development goals of (2030), and apply developmental roles of social safety ne

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Thu Oct 01 2015
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
Early marriage for the minors: a phenomenon of family violence against children

It is certain that marriage has the favor of the continuity of human kind since the Prophet Adam till now. But this important event is threatened by some justifications which lead to its delay or abandonment. In the West, sexual relations, illegal friendships, and disrespect of marriage sacredness lead to this delay. While the reasons behind the delay of marriage in the Arab world refer to high dowries, women go out to work, and the religious and scientific ignorance of the need and importance of marriage. The problem also differs according to the difference between the rural and urban regions. On one hand, we find that early marriage is a necessity in the rural regions; on the other hand, the delay of marriage is a clear and nat

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Mon Jan 23 2023
Journal Name
Arab Science Heritage Journal
قيود الختام او حرود المتن دراسة تطبيقية بالاستناد على نماذج مختارة من المخطوطات الاسلامية من القرن(10-13هـ/ 16-19م) في المكتبة المركزية بأربيل:

     Islamic manuscripts are considered an identity for the civilizational, cognitive and cultural development of nations and the Islamic world as a whole, and to identify this identity

View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Wed Dec 30 2015
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
Achieve breastfeeding book and theft book To the end of the door cut the way of the manuscript Sailing Forum for Sheikh Ibrahim bin Mohammed Halabi (T: 659 H): Study and achieve

Achieve breastfeeding book and theft book
To the end of the door cut the way of the manuscript
Sailing Forum for Sheikh Ibrahim bin Mohammed Halabi
(T: 659 H)

View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Wed Oct 01 2014
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The impact properties of strategic thinking in the stages of the application Business process re-engineering: A survey Study of the consultant of a sample of managers and their assistants and consultants in the General Company for Cotton Industries

Need organizations today to move towards strategic thinking which means analyzing situations faced by particular challenges of change in the external environment, which makes it imperative for The Organization That to reconsider their strategies and orientations and operations, a so-called re-engineering to meet those challenges and pressures, to try to achieve improvement root in the installation of the organization and methodscompletion of its work towards achieving high levels of performance and that is reflected to achieve its objectives, and this is what aims to Current search to deal with implications characteristics of strategic thinking in the stages of application re-engineering business of the company General Industries

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Fri Oct 30 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The reflection of strategic knowledge management on an improvement of excellent performance: A survey study at the Institution of Industrial Development and Research- the Ministry of Iraqi Industry (IDRMII)

The current study aims to investigate the effect of strategic knowledge management practices on an excellent performance at the Institution of Industrial Development and Research- the Ministry of Iraqi Industry (IDRMII). The present research is designed according to the descriptive method. To achieve the mentioned research objective, the researchers used the questionnaire as the main data collection tool. The research sample was 150 managers who are working at the top and middle management levels. To analyses the data gathered and reaching the results, several statistical techniques were used within AMOS.V25, SPSS.V21Software, This study reached a set of results, the most important of which is the existence of a positive correlat

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Tue Feb 01 2022
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel Surface in 3.5% NaCl and 0.5 M HCl with Different Concentrations of Quinolin-2-One Derivative

A theoretical and protection study was conducted of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel surface with different concentrations of the derivative (Quinolin-2-one), namely 7-Ethyl-4-methyl-1-[(4-nitro-benzylidene)-amino]-1H-quinolin-2-one (EMNQ2O). Theoretically, Density Functional Theory (DFT) of B3LYP/ 6-311++G/ 2d, 2p level was carried out to calculate the geometrical structure, physical properties and chemical inhibition chemical parameters, with the local reactivity in order to predict both the reactive centers and to know the possible sites of nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks, in vacuum and two solvents (DMSO and H2O), all at the equilibrium geometry. Experimentally, the inhibition efficiencies (%IE) in (3.5% NaCl)

... Show More
Scopus (7)
Crossref (1)
Scopus Clarivate Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Tue Dec 01 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The mediating effect of organizational innovation climate on enhancing the relationship between talent development practices and organizational performance

The current, research, aims, to, verify, the relationship between talent development practices and organizational performance through a mediating role of creative organizational climate at the Institution of Industrial Development and Research- the Iraqi Industry Ministry. The descriptive and analytic approach was adopted as a research design. The research sample was represented by a number of managers and employees who work at the middle management level. The researchers used the questionnaire as the main method for collecting data to achieve the main research objective. It was distributed 162 questionnaires, of which 146 received; and then all of those were used on the final statistical analysis. The sample response-rate rate w

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Thu Feb 01 2024
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Studying the Effect of Curcumin (Standard & Supplements) and Zinc on the Concentrations of Glucose, Insulin, HOMA-IR, and Anti-Mullerian Hormone in PCOS-Model Rats

The goal of the current study was to investigate the effects of curcumin in both formulas (supplement and standard), zinc, and then use them together to show their effect on the levels of glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (IR), and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) in the model of female rats with induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) using 1mg/kg/day of letrozole for 21 days followed by a treatment period of 14 days including different treatments of zinc 30 mg/kg, curcumin standard 200 mg/kg, curcumin supplement 200 mg/kg, (curcumin standard plus zinc), (curcumin Supplement plus zinc) and metformin as a standard treatment. After the treatment, all female rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected from the inferior vena cava

... Show More
Scopus Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF