Preferred Language
Articles
/
jols-207
جريمة الرشوة دراسة مقارنة بأحكام الشريعة الإسلامية واتفاقية مكافحة الفساد: دراسة مقارنة

     ليس ثمة شك في أن المصالح الضرورية هي ما يضطر إليها الخلق لتنظيم معاشهم وحفظ معادهم ، فإذا اختل أحد هذه المصالح أختل نظام المصالح ، وحلت الفوضى محل التوازن بقدر هذا الاختلال ، وظاهر من هذا الامر أن هذه المصالح لها تعلقان ، تعلق بحفظ مصالح الفرد ، وتعلق بحفظ مصالح المجتمع ، والمصلحة العامة في الشريعة مقدمة على المصلحة الخاصة عند التعارض.

     وشُرعت الاحكام لتحقيق هذه المصالح فهي مصالح الخلق باعتبار ، ومقاصد الشرع باعتبار ثان ، وللوسائل المفضية إليها حكم هذه المقاصد والوسائل المشروعة أما لجلب منفعة أو لدرء مفسدة ، فإذا خالف قصد المكلف قصد الشارع من تشريعه الاحكام وقع باطلاً ، ويتوصل إلى معرفة مشروعية الأسباب عن طريقين ، أحدهما : الشرع ، وثانيهما : العقل والادراك بالعقل أما ضروري أو نظري .

     فإذا كانت المصالح هي علل الاحكام بمعنى أن الاحكام شرعت لتحصيلها إن ادركها العقل كان طريق العلم بالأحكام عقلياً ، ويدعم اتجاه العقل ورود الشرع مؤيداً له ، والعقل قد يدرك المصلحة أو المفسدة بالضرورة أي بدون توقف على نظر أو تأمل ، كإدراك العقل حسن العلم والعدل وقبح الجهل والظلم ، ... وقد يدركها بالنظر والتأمل ويدخل في هذا النطاق كل الحوادث والجزيئيات التي تتأثر بتغير الأزمان والأعراف وتبدل الاحوال والأماكن " ويدخل في هذا النطاق جرائم الرشوة والاختلاس والتزوير ، ونحوها من الجرائم الواقعة على الأموال الماسة بالمصلحة العامة " .

     أما المشرع فيعلم به ما يتوقف ادراك حسنه وقبحه على وروده ، كالمسائل المتعلقة بالعبادات والأمور التعبدية والغيبيات ... ، ويأتي الشرع مؤكداً لاتجاه العقل في ضرورة حفظ مصالح الفرد والمجتمع ، والمجتمع من خلال تشريع الاحكام التي لا يتأثر حسنها أو قبحها بتغير الأزمان والأماكن والأعراف ، كما في الحدود فهي أحكام لا تقبل التبديل أو الاسقاط أو الصلح أو الاجراء ، لأن الإخلال يها يلزم منه الإخلال بمصالح المجتمع ، من هذا المنطلق يمكن إدراك عظمة الشريعة وقدرتها على حماية مصالح الفرد والمجتمع بشكل متوازن .

     وبناءً على ذلك فقد منح الشرع للمشرع الزمني أن يحدد الأفعال التي تشكل تهديداً للمصالح العامة أو الخاصة أو كليهما ، وهذه الأفعال ليست على نمط واحد ، فمنها من نص الشارع الحكيم على تجريمها دون أن ينص على عقوبة محددة لها كالرشوة ، ومنها من لم ينص على تجريمها وعقوبتها كإساءة استعمال السلطة واستغلال النفوذ.

     وتمثل جريمة الرشوة اعتداء على مقاصد الشرع وما يرمي إليه من الوئام والتواصي بالحق والتعاون على البر والتقوى ، واعتداءً على المصالح العامة وتهديداً لها ، وإخلالاً بمفهوم الوظيفة العامة ، لقياسها أساساً على فكرة الاتجار بأعمال الوظيفية أو استغلالها على نحو غير مشروع يتنافى معه أهدافها ، لأن الجهد والعمل هو الأساس في الكسب في حين أن الرشوة هي كسب للأموال بغير جهد أو عمل ، لذا كانت المصلحة المحمية فيها هي المحافظة على هيبة الوظيفة وكرامتها وحسن سير العمل في المرافق العامة من اجل تحقيق الغاية المرجوة من مباشرة النشاط الوظيفي ، فجريمة الرشوة تعرقل نشاط الدولة وتؤثر على اجهزتها المختلفة في أداء نشاطها الطبيعي المرسوم لها ، لمساسها بالعلاقة الوظيفية القائمة بين المرفق العام والموظف ، فالوظيفة هي : مجموعة من المهام والواجبات والمسؤوليات التي ينظر إليها على أنها تكليف مطلوب من الأفراد انجازه[1] ، والإخلال بتلك العلاقة يفضي إلى انحراف الوظيفة عن أهدافها ، وهذا يتنافى مع المصلحة العامة التي تحرص على حماية النشاط الوظيفي من أي انحراف مهما كانت طبيعته أو وصفه[2] .

 

[1] Flipo , personnel , management , 1984 , p14 etc

[2] د.مأمون محمد سلامة ، قانون العقوبات - القسم الخاص  ، الجرائم المضرة بالمصلحة العامة  ، دار الفكر العربي ، القاهرة – مصر ، 1982م ، ص 100 – 101 .

Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Quick Preview PDF
Publication Date
Fri Jan 01 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Crisis management according to the strategic leadership - the interactive role of decision support systems. (An exploratory study at the Ministry of Industry and Minerals / the State Company for Steel Industries)

The researcher aims to Diagnose the reality of research variables, strategic leadership and decision support systems, and their impact on crisis management in the General Company for Steel Industries because of their important role in preventing crises and reducing their occurrence for the research company in particular and other companies in general affiliated with the Ministry of Industry and Minerals, as well as clarifying theoretical concepts of research variables As it included the answer to questions related to the research problem, including (Is there an impact of the strategic leadership in managing crises if decision support systems are used), and the researcher adopted the descriptive and analytical approach in its comp

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Sun Jun 16 2019
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
The Exposition of University Youth to Television Advertising and its Reflection on the Development of their Cognitive Abilities A survey of students (College of Media / University of Baghdad) as ample

This research is aimed at identifying the communicative habits and the impact of the content on the communicative process, especially the youth audience, which is one of the most important categories to which the advertisement is directed, as young people face life with passion and aspiration that make then responsive to all the influences used by the media in designing advertisements which use all the techniques and methocls to attract young people, such as relying on drama , artistic tricks, musical phrases and advertising slogans that respond to the desire of young people in entertainment.
The research aims to identify the reflection of television advertising and its impact on the development of the cognitive abilities of universi

... Show More
Crossref (1)
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Fri Apr 01 2016
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
Indicators of Mental image among Students of the University of Baghdad about Iraqi Political Parties-(a research based on a master thesis)

Media studies have focused mostly on the issue of the mental image because the image that is formed in the mind has become not only a photo of a human being and having kept for himself. This image has an outside influence which may sometimes up to the formation of the fate of others and it sometimes includes individuals and groups together.
This study comes in the context of identifying the image of Iraqi political parties among Iraqi university students and the nature of the view that students have in their minds about these parties.
Chapter one includes the problem of the research, the importance of the study, the goals and method used. Chapter two is divided into two sections: section one deals with the concept of the mental i

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Mon Oct 01 2018
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
The role of social networking sites of Iraqi satellite channels in prioritizing the public “Field study for the public of Dhi Qar governorate

The study titled “The role of the social media sites of Iraqi satellite channels in prioritizing the public” is a field study for the public of Dhi Qar.
The emergence of the social networking sites we are currently experiencing has undergone radical and important changes in the role of the mass media in light of the growth and rapid spread of modern technologies Or the so-called new media، which led the media organizations to create satellite channels on the social networks، which led to bypass the traditional lines between the public and media institutions with the public gain the possibility of The purpose of the research is to determine the habits and patterns of public use of the social media sites of the Iraqi satellite cha

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Wed Nov 20 2024
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
ADDRESSING THE GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARAB PRESS:: (An analytical study in the newspapers (Al-Sabah Iraqi newspaper, Algerian ech-chaab Newspaper, and UAE Al-Ittihad Newspaper) (A Research Drawn from Master Thesis)

The problem of this research is:

What are the sustainable development goals that received the priority in the press addressing of the newspapers under study?

What are the journalistic arts adopted by these newspapers in addressing the sustainable development goals?

What are the journalistic sources that Arab newspapers depended on when addressing the sustainable development goals?

What are the geographic range the Arab newspapers adopted in addressing the sustainable development goals? The research is categorized into descriptive research, adopting the survey method, and using the content analysis method.

The sample of research was determined by the preparation of the Arabic newspapers (Al-

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Wed Nov 20 2024
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
THE RESPONSIBILITY OF INDEPENDENT IRAQI NEWSPAPERS IN PROMOTING THE VALUES OF CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONAL BELONGING IN THE SOCIETY: (An Analytical Study in the Opinion Articles in the Newspapers of Al-Sabah Al-Jadeed and Al-Mada)

The research problem stems from a chief question: “What is the nature of the responsibility that «Al-Sabah Al-Jadeed» and «Al-Mada» Newspapers have undertaken in promoting the values of citizenship and national belonging in the society? The research aims to achieve a number of goals, including: Determining the most prominent themes that were emphasized in the opinion articles in these two newspapers within the framework of the responsibility of promoting the values ​​of citizenship and national belonging in society, and revealing the most prominent topics that were discussed in opinion articles in the two sample newspapers regarding the promotion of the mentioned values. This research is a desc

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Thu Nov 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Effect the Natural Lighting In The Visual Comfort & Workers Satisfaction in Industrial Companies

Energy crisis and the requirements of health and feel good, all this renewed attention to the importance of natural lighting in all kinds of factories.
    Research problem was how to achieve the plant's own natural outlets visual comfort and satisfaction of workers in
Companies, the industries of cotton and general al-fedaa.

     The research compuns address the impact of daylight to provide visual comfort in the factory. Indeed, the light must be treated very carefully, and natural lighting should be thinking from the perspective of the occupants of the plant and not wishing to view from the outsid

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Fri Sep 30 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The role of GRI standards in reporting the dimensions of sustainable development - An applied study in a number of local companies on the Iraq Stock Exchange

The current research aims to shed light on the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), which helps to report financial and non-financial information by economic units in general and listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange in particular. The research was based on a main premise that apply the criteria of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) would provide useful information to users to help them make appropriate decisions. To achieve the goal of the research, the descriptive analysis method was used, and quantitative analysis was used. At the level of the descriptive analysis method, a desk survey was conducted. As for the quantitative analysis, it relied on applied data through a questionnaire form (Questioners) as a research tool, and the

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Wed Jun 01 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
Free will between Slavery and Freedom: A Study of Linda Brent in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs

Harriet Jacobs was a writer and a reformer. As a female writer in the nineteenth century, Jacobs wrote her narrative as a means of resisting the system of slavery. She wrote her book Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl: Written by Herself, (1842) to reflect upon the exploitation of the black people and the need to change the hierarchal attitude that governs white/black relations. She was engaged in many abolitionist events and her anti-slavery approach appeared clearly in her writings. She shares Du Bios ideas about freedom and emancipation and the need for a political and cultural change. Thus, Du Bois’s theory provides a framework for her autobiographical novel where she portrays Linda Brent, the main character, a strong w

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Mon Oct 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Studying the effect of institutional pressures on the attitudes of the managers of small enterprises in Thi-Qar province toward intention continuance environmental disposal of e-waste

       Currently, there is no established of e-waste treatment in Thi- Qar province, while their creating is increasing every year. It has been well- known that e-waste is a source of environmental degrading and their placement in landfills increases the irreversible climate change. A research model has been developed to link three components: coercive pressure, normative influence, and mimicry, then study their effect on e-waste adopt and continuance intentions. The model was validated using data collected from a field survey of 92 managers of small enterprises in Thi-Qar province.  A questionnaire was developed to collect data. It contains five major variables, exemplify by fourteen items. Als

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF