Preferred Language
Articles
/
jols-207
جريمة الرشوة دراسة مقارنة بأحكام الشريعة الإسلامية واتفاقية مكافحة الفساد: دراسة مقارنة

     ليس ثمة شك في أن المصالح الضرورية هي ما يضطر إليها الخلق لتنظيم معاشهم وحفظ معادهم ، فإذا اختل أحد هذه المصالح أختل نظام المصالح ، وحلت الفوضى محل التوازن بقدر هذا الاختلال ، وظاهر من هذا الامر أن هذه المصالح لها تعلقان ، تعلق بحفظ مصالح الفرد ، وتعلق بحفظ مصالح المجتمع ، والمصلحة العامة في الشريعة مقدمة على المصلحة الخاصة عند التعارض.

     وشُرعت الاحكام لتحقيق هذه المصالح فهي مصالح الخلق باعتبار ، ومقاصد الشرع باعتبار ثان ، وللوسائل المفضية إليها حكم هذه المقاصد والوسائل المشروعة أما لجلب منفعة أو لدرء مفسدة ، فإذا خالف قصد المكلف قصد الشارع من تشريعه الاحكام وقع باطلاً ، ويتوصل إلى معرفة مشروعية الأسباب عن طريقين ، أحدهما : الشرع ، وثانيهما : العقل والادراك بالعقل أما ضروري أو نظري .

     فإذا كانت المصالح هي علل الاحكام بمعنى أن الاحكام شرعت لتحصيلها إن ادركها العقل كان طريق العلم بالأحكام عقلياً ، ويدعم اتجاه العقل ورود الشرع مؤيداً له ، والعقل قد يدرك المصلحة أو المفسدة بالضرورة أي بدون توقف على نظر أو تأمل ، كإدراك العقل حسن العلم والعدل وقبح الجهل والظلم ، ... وقد يدركها بالنظر والتأمل ويدخل في هذا النطاق كل الحوادث والجزيئيات التي تتأثر بتغير الأزمان والأعراف وتبدل الاحوال والأماكن " ويدخل في هذا النطاق جرائم الرشوة والاختلاس والتزوير ، ونحوها من الجرائم الواقعة على الأموال الماسة بالمصلحة العامة " .

     أما المشرع فيعلم به ما يتوقف ادراك حسنه وقبحه على وروده ، كالمسائل المتعلقة بالعبادات والأمور التعبدية والغيبيات ... ، ويأتي الشرع مؤكداً لاتجاه العقل في ضرورة حفظ مصالح الفرد والمجتمع ، والمجتمع من خلال تشريع الاحكام التي لا يتأثر حسنها أو قبحها بتغير الأزمان والأماكن والأعراف ، كما في الحدود فهي أحكام لا تقبل التبديل أو الاسقاط أو الصلح أو الاجراء ، لأن الإخلال يها يلزم منه الإخلال بمصالح المجتمع ، من هذا المنطلق يمكن إدراك عظمة الشريعة وقدرتها على حماية مصالح الفرد والمجتمع بشكل متوازن .

     وبناءً على ذلك فقد منح الشرع للمشرع الزمني أن يحدد الأفعال التي تشكل تهديداً للمصالح العامة أو الخاصة أو كليهما ، وهذه الأفعال ليست على نمط واحد ، فمنها من نص الشارع الحكيم على تجريمها دون أن ينص على عقوبة محددة لها كالرشوة ، ومنها من لم ينص على تجريمها وعقوبتها كإساءة استعمال السلطة واستغلال النفوذ.

     وتمثل جريمة الرشوة اعتداء على مقاصد الشرع وما يرمي إليه من الوئام والتواصي بالحق والتعاون على البر والتقوى ، واعتداءً على المصالح العامة وتهديداً لها ، وإخلالاً بمفهوم الوظيفة العامة ، لقياسها أساساً على فكرة الاتجار بأعمال الوظيفية أو استغلالها على نحو غير مشروع يتنافى معه أهدافها ، لأن الجهد والعمل هو الأساس في الكسب في حين أن الرشوة هي كسب للأموال بغير جهد أو عمل ، لذا كانت المصلحة المحمية فيها هي المحافظة على هيبة الوظيفة وكرامتها وحسن سير العمل في المرافق العامة من اجل تحقيق الغاية المرجوة من مباشرة النشاط الوظيفي ، فجريمة الرشوة تعرقل نشاط الدولة وتؤثر على اجهزتها المختلفة في أداء نشاطها الطبيعي المرسوم لها ، لمساسها بالعلاقة الوظيفية القائمة بين المرفق العام والموظف ، فالوظيفة هي : مجموعة من المهام والواجبات والمسؤوليات التي ينظر إليها على أنها تكليف مطلوب من الأفراد انجازه[1] ، والإخلال بتلك العلاقة يفضي إلى انحراف الوظيفة عن أهدافها ، وهذا يتنافى مع المصلحة العامة التي تحرص على حماية النشاط الوظيفي من أي انحراف مهما كانت طبيعته أو وصفه[2] .

 

[1] Flipo , personnel , management , 1984 , p14 etc

[2] د.مأمون محمد سلامة ، قانون العقوبات - القسم الخاص  ، الجرائم المضرة بالمصلحة العامة  ، دار الفكر العربي ، القاهرة – مصر ، 1982م ، ص 100 – 101 .

Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Quick Preview PDF
Publication Date
Sun Dec 01 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Evaluate the effectiveness of internal control systems and their role in providing an effective governance framework in Sudanese banks

   The study aimed to find out the relationship between the dimensions of internal control systems and the availability of an effective governance framework in the Sudanese banks. The study used descriptive and analytical method for collecting and analyzing the study data using SPSS program. The questionnaire was used as an analysis tool. The target sample of Sudanese bank employees, the study found several results, including that the bank avoids methods that lead to the rational use of available resources, and identifies and separation of tasks among employees, in addition to rapid response to reports The study found several recommendations, including the need for a list of banks that are sufficiently flexible and comp

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Fri Oct 30 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The effect of applying total quality management on the competitiveness from the point of view of the front-rows employees for customer service (An analytical study of Palestinian local banks)

The study aimed to identify the effect of Total Quality Management on enhancing competitiveness through the opinions of employees of the front- rows of customer service in local Palestinian banks, the researcher adopted an analytical descriptive method through developing a special questionnaire to accomplish the study’s objectives and answer its questions. The study involved all the Palestinian local banks, with their scattered branches in West Bank. The study sample consisted of 3470 executive employees for banking services out of 4753 employees, in the rate of 73%, and the study sample reached (485) employees who were randomly selected working in the front -rows to provide services in the local Palestinian banks during the ye

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Wed Oct 17 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
/ E-Readiness, UTAUT Model, Social Commerce

Abstract

Objective / Purpose: Online social relationships through the emergence of Web 2.0 applications have become a new trend for researchers to study the behavior of consumers to shop online, as well as social networking sites are technologies that opened up opportunities for new business models. Therefore, a new trend has emerged, called social trade technology. In order to understand the behavioral intentions of the beneficiaries to adopt the technology of social trade, the current research aims at developing an electronic readiness framework and UTAUT model to understand the beneficiary's adoption of social trade technology.

Design/ methodology/ Approach: To achieve the obje

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Sat Feb 01 2014
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Strategic Human Resource Management Practices and their reflections for Organizational Performance Improvement A Survey Study of the views of a sample of Managers Baghdad Soft Drinks company/ Zafaraniya

The aims of research is to identify the role of strategic human resource management Practices in organizational performance improvement in the Baghdad soft drinks company, as well as the implications of the results for both managers and practitioners.

In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher designed questionnaire included (40) items to collect the initial data from the research sample consisting of (53) Single. In light of that has been collecting and analyzing data and test hypotheses using the statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS21), and use a number of statistical methods to achieve the goal of the research, including the means, standard deviations and simple correla

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Mon May 11 2020
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
A Theoretical Investigation on Chemical Bonding of the Bridged Hydride Triruthenium Cluster: [Ru3 (μ-H)( μ3-κ2-Hamphox-N,N)(CO)9]

Ruthenium-Ruthenium and Ruthenium–ligand interactions in the triruthenium "[Ru3(μ-H)(μ3-κ2-Hamphox-N,N)(CO)9]" cluster are studied at DFT level of theory. The topological indices are evaluated in term of QTAIM (quantum theory of atoms in molecule). The computed topological parameters are in agreement with related transition metal complexes documented in the research papers. The QTAIM analysis of the bridged core part, i.e., Ru3H, analysis shows that there is no bond path and bond critical point (chemical bonding) between Ru(2) and Ru(3). Nevertheless, a non-negligible delocalization index for this non-bonding interaction is calculated

... Show More
Scopus (7)
Crossref (3)
Scopus Clarivate Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Mon Jun 01 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
Verbal formulas in Turgut Özakman’s play Oh Those Young: Turgut Özakman'ın "Ah Şu Gençler" Başlıklı Tiyatrosunda Fiil Kiplerinin İncelenmesi

  The study sheds lights on the simple verbal formulas with its particular time suffixes as found in the Turgut Özakman’s play These Crazy Turks.

     The introduction of the study sheds light on the life of the author and playwright, as well as traces the different types of the verbal formulas in Turkish language.

     Oh Those Young is one of the most significant products of the Turkish literature of the young and Children where the literary messages of the playwright are addressed in a simple comic sarcastic style. Hence, the play, that has been studied and acted by many students and academics, drives its importance from this particular course of action.

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Fri Jan 01 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
"Acquired organizational immune and its impact on the application of knowledge management strategies" Analytical study of the opinions of a sample of Lecturer staff at the Technical College of Engineering and the Technical Institute of Amara

             The present study aims to reveal the extent of the influence of the acquired organizational immune through its dimensions (organizational vaccination, organizational learning, organizational memory, and benchmarking) in the application of knowledge management strategies in its two dimensions (codification strategy, personalization strategy) as well as clarifying that influential relationship between the study variables Because of its importance in reducing resistance to change by responding to the requirements of the environment. A set of main and sub-hypotheses emerged from the study, which was formulated in view of the hypothesis scheme of the study, and i

... Show More
Crossref (1)
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Sat Feb 01 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The impact of the use of digital marketing channels on the implementation of the strategy of positioning Applied study on a sample of the managers of the International Company for smart card "Key Card"

 The technology in continuous and quick development, that reflects in all parts of our life and interred both scientific and practical fields. Marketing is one of them, a customer’s way to deal with choosing and demanding the product deferent from the traditional way. Some of the buying processes are electronic now, therefore the current research is identifying the digital channels that entered the world of marketing and influenced the activities and types that fall under this name and how it affects in positioning strategy, which is how to install the product or brand in the mind of the customer and was dimensions (brand identity, brand personality, brand communication, brand awareness, brand image), The researcher took t

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Thu Nov 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The Extent of application the principles of total quality management in Improving health services in hospitals exploratory study at Al-kindi hospital / Baghdad health department Rusafa

Abstract :

The purpose of the subject of Total quality management is an important management style in organizations including hospitals through the achievement of this method of success in the administration to include        this approach describes the provision of health services and make adjustment and suggestions that  help to improve the quality of health care on an ongoing basis . Hence the idea of the study to shed light on the reality of the application of principles of  Total quality management and to highlight the quality of health services provided in al-kindi hospital / Baghdad health department rusafa and the staff at the hospital were included to find out the appl

... Show More
Crossref
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Tue Dec 01 2009
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The Role of Internal Contrl in Electronic Accounting Information System: Applied Study in Spacimen from Kurdistan Regin Iraq

Internal control is system,defined and implemented under its responsibility , which aims to ensure that; laws and regulations are complied with; the instructions and directional guidelines fixed by Executive Management or the Management Borad are applied; the company internal processes are functioning correctlly , particularly those implicating the security of its assets; Financial Information is reliable; and generally contributes to the control over its activities , to the efficiency of its operation and to the efficient utilisation of its Resources. By helping to anticipate and control the risks involved in not meeting the objectives the company has set for itself, the internal control system plays akey role in conducting & monito

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF