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Determination of the Optimum formula for Composite Motor Gasoline Octane Number Blending Enhancer
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To decrease the dependency of producing high octane number gasoline on the catalytic processes in petroleum refineries and to increase the gasoline pool, the effect of adding a suggested formula of composite blending octane number enhancer to motor gasoline composed of a mixture of oxygenated materials (ethanol and ether) and aromatic materials (toluene and xylene) was investigated by design of experiments made by Mini Tab 15 statistical software. The original gasoline before addition of the octane number blending enhancer has a value of (79) research octane number (RON). The design of experiments which study the optimum volumetric percentages of the four variables, ethanol, toluene, and ether and xylene materials leads to 30 experiments. The results obtained show that RON can reach a value of 103.1 (30.5% RON improvement) when a formula of composite octane number blending enhancer containing a volumetric percentage of 15, 25, 25 volumetric percent of ethanol, toluene and xylene respectively. The cost study in comparison with the price of high octane number gasoline sold in Iraq show that this formula has a high cost of 2050 Iraqi Dinar (IQD)/liter gasoline, while  the formula of composite octane number blending enhancer containing 15% volumetric percentage of Ethanol only leading to gasoline of 89.6 RON (13.4 % ON improvement) gave minimum cost of 300 IQD / liter gasoline for the blend of octane number enhancer making the total price of the gasoline to be competitive with the high ON gasoline imported from outside Iraq.  While the formula of 7.5, 12.5, 37.5 and 5% volumetric percentage of ethanol, toluene, xylene, and ether respectively have a maximum cost of 2525 IQD of produced gasoline of 101.3 RON (octane number improved by 28.23%).

 

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Publication Date
Thu Mar 25 2021
Journal Name
International Journal Of Drug Delivery Technology
Synthesis, Structural Study, and Biological Activity Evaluation of VO(II), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) Complexes with New Schiff Base Ligand Derived from Pyrazine
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New Schiff base [3-(3-acetylthioureido)pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid][L] has been prepared through 2 stages, the chloro acetyl chloride has been reacting with the ammonium thiocyanate in the initial phase for producing precursor [A], after that [A] has been reacting with the 3-amino pyrazine-2-carboxilic acid to provide a novel bidentate ligand [L], such ligand [L] has been reacting with certain metal ions in the Mn(II), VO(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Hg(II), and Cd(II) for providing series of new metal complexes regarding general molecular formula [M(L)2XY], in which; VO(II); X=SO4,Y=0, Co(II), Mn(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Zn(II), and Hg(II); Y=Cl, X=Cl. Also, all the compounds were characterized through spectroscopic techniques [

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 01 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
Rebellious Self - A Reading in Madame Bovary's Character of Flubert and Hanna Konin by Amos Oz - Comparative study: האני המורדת - קריאה בדמותה של מאדאם בובארי של פלובר וחנה גונן של עמוס עוז – מחקר השוואתי
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The problem of rebellion is considered one of the features of rapid changes that a society undergoes in all spheres and directions of life, especially in the realm of social relations, customs, traditions, values, and principles. Rebellion may manifest itself in rebellion against oneself, against values or traditions, or against social or governmental authority. One may find that submission plays a vital role in all of these interactions. This study deals with the problem of rebellion in the works of two renowned authors: The French Gustave Flaubert and the Israeli Amos Oz, through two main characters who share similar qualities and traits. Emma Bovary and Henna Konin demonstrate this through their rebellion against themselves, their relati

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Publication Date
Wed Apr 25 2018
Journal Name
Oriental Journal Of Chemistry
Diagnosis, Structure, and In vitro Antimicrobial and Antifungal Evaluation of some Amino benzoic acids, derived Ligand Schiff base and their Mixed Complexes with Cu(II), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Co(II)
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Innovative various Schiff bases and their Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) and Hg(II)  compounds made by the condensation of 4-amino antipyrine with derived aminobenzoic acid (2-aminobenzoic acid, 3-aminobenzoic acid, and 4-aminobenzoic acid ) have been prepared by conventional approaches. These complexes were described by magnetic sensibility analysis, FT-IR spectra, and molar-conductance and elemental analysis. Analytical values appeared which the mixed-ligand complexes presented ratio about 2:1 (ligand: metal) with the chelation 4 or 6. The prepared compounds offered a good effect on the organisms; bacteria Staphylococcus-aurous, Escherichia-coli and fungi C. albicans, A. niger. Also, the biological products signalize which the mixed compl

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 26 2020
Journal Name
International Journal Of Pharmaceutical Research
Complexes of Co(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), Pt(II) And Pd(II) with N 3 O-Chelating Ligand Incorporating Azo and Schiff Base Moieties: Synthesis, Spectroscopic, Thermal Decomposition, Theoretical Studies, and thermodynamic parameters
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Publication Date
Wed Apr 25 2018
Journal Name
Oriental Journal Of Chemistry
Diagnosis, Structure, and In vitro Antimicrobial and Antifungal Evaluation of some Amino benzoic acids, derived Ligand Schiff base and their Mixed Complexes with Cu(II), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Co(II)
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Publication Date
Wed Feb 01 2023
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synthesis, Theoretical Study, and Biological Evaluation of Some Metal Ions with Ligand "Methyl -6-[2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) -2-((1-Phenylethylidene) Amino) Acetamido] -2,2-Dimethyl-5—Oxo-1-Thia-4-Azabicyclo [3.2.0] Heptane-3-Carboxyylate
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Schiff base (methyl 6-(2- (4-hydroxyphenyl) -2- (1-phenyl ethyl ideneamino) acetamido) -3, 3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0] heptane-2-carboxylate)Co(II), Ni(II), Cu (II), Zn (II), and Hg(II)] ions were employed to make certain complexes. Metal analysis M percent, elemental chemical analysis (C.H.N.S), and other standard physico-chemical methods were used. Magnetic susceptibility, conductometric measurements, FT-IR and UV-visible Spectra were used to identified. Theoretical treatment of the generated complexes in the gas phase was performed using the (hyperchem-8.07) program for molecular mechanics and semi-empirical computations. The (PM3) approach was used to determine the heat of formation (ΔH˚f), binding energy (ΔEb), an

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Publication Date
Tue Feb 02 2021
Journal Name
مجلة بحوث الشرق الأوسط
PROPÓSITOS RETÓRICOS DE LA VOZ PASIVA EN EL NOBLE CORÁN Estudio comparativo entre dos versiones españolas الأغراض البلاغية لصيغة المبنى للمجهول فى القرآن الکريم «دراسة مقارنة بين ترجمتين للقرآن الکريم»
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This research deals with the rhetoric purposes of the passive voice in the holy Quran. First, we put an introductory to the concept of the Quran language and its difference of the spoken Arabic language during the revelation period. Besides; we gave a brief about the structure passive voice form of Arabic language. Second, we explained the purposes of passive voice used in the holly Quran with sufficient examples, commentaries and clarifications about all the cases. Rhetoric purposes that we deals with are: concision, emphasize an idea, avoid using the subject because it is known and clear for all or because it is really unknown, etc. This part has contained the most important purposes for the use of passive voice in holy Quran. At the end

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Publication Date
Sun Feb 01 2015
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
العلاقة بين نوعية حياة العمل والإبداع التنظيمي (بحث تطبيقي في ديوان وزارة التخطيط)
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    يهدف البحث الحالي إلى اختبار العلاقة بين نوعية حياة العمل والإبداع التنظيمي في ديوان وزارة التخطيط ، ولبلوغ الهدف المذكور وبناء على معطيات البحث الاستطلاعي للباحث بني ألانموذج الفرضي للبحث الذي ضم المتغير المستقل والمعتمد، واعتماداً على حركية الأنموذج صيغت فرضيتان، ولاختبار صحة الفرضيات وجمع المعلومات من عينة البحث البالغة (100) مدير يمثلون مرك

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Publication Date
Fri Jul 04 2025
Journal Name
Bylon Center For Humanities Studies
Amos Oz And His Status In Modern Hebrew Literature (Review Article)
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This literary review addresses the status of the most famous Israeli writer, Amos Oz, through the analysis of relevant articles that highlight various aspects of his literary and political orientations, reflecting his ideological and social background. Oz's literature encompasses a mix of political orientations that many critics view as extreme, while others see them as moderate stances indicative of the author's awareness. And these are what strengthened his literary status in modern Hebrew literature.These trends emphasized the contribution of Oz's works to shaping Israeli cultural consciousness and reflect the challenges facing identity in multiple contexts. He was an advocate for equality between Palestinians and Israelis and

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Publication Date
Wed Feb 11 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of The Iraqi University
La imprescindibilidad de la Exégesis en la Traducción del Texto Coránico
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In the process of translating Qur’anic texts, there is an urgent need for interpretations of the Qur’anic text due to the presence of many incomprehensible Qur’anic verses or words because of our distance from the standard Arabic, language in which the Holy Qur’an was revealed, and the introduction of the foreign words into our language, in addition to the fact that many Qur’anic words are no longer used. All this prompted the need for the interpretation of the Qur'anic text, Therefore, it is necessary for the translator to resort to the books of interpretation if he intends to translate the Qur’an

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