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The Experimental Assessment of R134a and Its Lower GWP Alternative R1234yf in an Automobile Air Conditioning System
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Reducing global warming potential (GWP) of refrigerants is needed to the decrease of ozone-depleting of refrigeration systems leakages. Refrigerant R1234yf is now used to substitute R134a inside mobile air conditioning systems. Thermodynamic properties of R1234yf are similar to R134a. Also, it has a very low GWP of 4, compared to 1430 for R134a, making it a proper choice for future automobile refrigerants. The purpose of this research is to represent the main operating and performance differences between R1234yf and R134a. Experimental analysis was carried out on the automotive air conditioning system (AACS) with 3 kW nominal capacity, to test and compare the performance of R134a with R1234yf. Experiments were accomplished for both refrigerants in almost the same working conditions and procedure with a range of ambient temperature varied from 26oC to 50oC. Parameters studied were ambient temperature, type of refrigerant in the system at compressor speed 1450 rpm, and internal thermal loads of passenger room. The performance characteristics of the system, including COP and cooling capacity, were studied by changing different parameters. The results show that COP of R134a is higher than R1234yf by 12.6%, while the refrigeration effect of R134a is higher than R1234yf by 25%. This shows that R1234yf is a suitable and good candidate for drop-in replacement of R134a in AACS.

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 01 2015
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
Considerable use of computers and the Internet in managing public relations activities The Ministries of Justice and the Interior are examples
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She noted most of the results of research conducted on the use of computers and the Internet in the areas of administrative, economic, agricultural and educational to a significant improvement in learning outcomes of these groups in the development of mechanisms of action, has increased rates of computer use and applications in various spheres of life at very fast pace so that the computer and the Internet is a vital part of any activity, whether administrative or research or the media, hence it can be said that the use of computers and the Internet in the management of public relations activities in any organization can accelerate the pace of echo positive goals and purposes of public relations, this study comes to looking at us

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 30 2013
Journal Name
Al-kindy College Medical Journal
The efficacy and tolerability of 10mg and 20mg/day isotretinoinin the treatment of acne vulgaris in Iraqi patients
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Back ground: Oral isotretinoin is recommended
for sever nodulocystic acne in the doses 0.5-
2mg/kg/day which is usually associated with higher
incidence of adverse effects. To reduce the
incidence of side-effects and to make it more costeffective,
the lower dose regimen of isotretinoin has
been used.
Aim: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of
oral isotretinoin 10mg and 20mg/day in acne
vulgaris.
Methods: one hundred and twenty patients with
acne vulgaris were randomized into two treatment
regimens each consisting of 60 patients. The first
was treated with 10mg/day and the second group
with 20mg/day for 24 weeks. Fifty five patients
from the first group and 47 patients from the second

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Publication Date
Tue Mar 12 2024
Journal Name
مداد الآداب
“As if sky was blue”: An Eco-Marxist Reading of Caryl Churchill’s Play Not Not Not Not Not Enough Oxygen
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 Humanity is confronted with a growing array of environmental challenges that demand immediate attention and cannot be disregarded. One of the issues the world faces is air pollution, which presents a significant risk to both the environment and human well-being. The capitalist system has a great impact on the exacerbation of air pollution and environmental deterioration. This impact is reflected in Caryl Churchill’s post-apocalyptic play Not Not Not Not Not Enough Oxygen (1971). The play presents a futuristic scenario in which humanity faces grave consequences due to the polluting practices of capitalism and the unsustainable exploitation of natural resources. It depicts a future in which environmental degradation drives people

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Publication Date
Sat Jul 02 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Positive School Psychology
Morphological structures and their significance for the triple verb " The abstract and more in the Diwan of Al Yassin
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Verbs are an important material in the construction of the sentence, as they are among the requirements of every sophisticated language, and in this regard, Ibn Al-Gothic (d. 367 AH): “Know that verbs are the origins of the buildings of most speech, and thus scholars called them buildings.” Verbs are the source of expression of the speakers’ ideas to represent the element of activity and movement, and with their knowledge We infer the meanings of Arabic words, and Ibn Al-Sarraj (d. 316 AH) defined it: “The verb denotes a meaning and a time, and that time is either past, present, or future.” Its letters are original and does not drop from its construction a letter in the conjugation of its conjugations, and it is in Arabic two type

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Publication Date
Wed Aug 19 2020
Journal Name
Revista De Chimie
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Cr(III), Fe(III), Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) Complexes Using an Azo Dye as Ligand
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Azo ligand 11-(4-methoxyphenyl azo)-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-benzo[4,5] imidazo[1,2-c] quinazoline-9-carboixylic acid was derived from 4-methoxyaniline and 6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c]quinazoline-9-carboxylic acid. The presence of azo dye was identified by elemental analysis and spectroscopic methods (FT-IR and UV-Vis). The compounds formed have been identified by using atomic absorption in flame, FT.IR, UV-Vis spectrometry magnetic susceptibility and conductivity. In order to evaluate the antibacterial efficiency of ligand and its complexes used in this study three species of bacteria were also examined. Ligand and its complexes showed good bacterial efficiencies. From the obtained data, an octahedral geometry was proposed for all p

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Publication Date
Fri Mar 28 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of Physical Education
The effect of the four-pillar strategy on the performance of the transmission and preparation skills in volleyball
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The aim of the research is to prepare practical volleyball lessons by using the four pillars strategy for middle school students, and to identify the effect of the four pillars strategy in performing the transmission and volleyball skills in the second intermediate students, to assume that the two researchers assume that there are no statistically significant differences between the results of my skill performance tests Sending and preparing tribal and remote volleyball for the experimental and controlled groups, and there are no statistically significant differences between the results of the performance of the transmission and preparation skills of the volleyball between the two experimental and control groups, and the research co

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 01 2013
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The method of ABC and it, s roules in the Determining the cost of the Project constraction sector
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Abstract

The basic orientation of the research is an attempting to apply the cost determining method according in the contract sector projects for Al- Iraq ceneral company, that this subject has a big value according to its modernity and  its influence on the future  and the eaning of the company.

The research aims to find out the effect of the method for determining cost based on the activity in determining the cost of the construction sector projects.The research was conducted in Iraq General Company for the implementation of irrigation projects. Bani search on three assumptions, the first is (that the application of the method for determining the cost on the basis of

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Publication Date
Sat Feb 02 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The human sense organs and it's significance In the great Qur'an: The human sense organs and it's significance In the great Qur'an
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Abstract:
Thanks for people's God who brought the great book, prays and peace for
his prophet "Mohammad" the master of missioners to all people.
Allah created human being in it's best way and give him a soul thus ,
he will be a human with faith that has movement and life and the centre of his
soul is the sense which differentiate human from other animals. This
sensation generated from different senses that made the soul.
God had given him a protected heart, talkative tounge and clear seeing
to understand with consideration, so he will prevent himself of falling in wrong
by thinking and situation that he will pass by.
The significance and probability of sensation had talken our attention in
Qur'an . Hence

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Publication Date
Fri Oct 19 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Big Data Approch to Enhance Organizational Ambidexterity An Exploratory Study of a Sample of Managers at ASIA Cell For Mobile Telecommunication Company in Iraq
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               The research aimed at measuring the compatibility of Big date with the organizational Ambidexterity dimensions of the Asia cell  Mobile telecommunications company in Iraq in order to determine the possibility of adoption of Big data Triple as a approach to achieve organizational Ambidexterity.

The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach to collect and analyze the data collected by the questionnaire tool developed on the Likert scale After  a comprehensive review of the literature related to the two basic study dimensions, the data has been subjected to many statistical treatments in accordance with res

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Publication Date
Thu Feb 19 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of Physical Education
Special Exercises Using A Proposed Training Apprentice And Its Effect On Some Biomechanical Indicators and Achieving 110m Hurdles For players Under 20 years old
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