Lowering the emission, fuel economy and torque management are the essential
requirements in the recent development in the automobile industry. The main engine control
input that satisfies the above requirements is the throttling angle which adjusts the air mass
flow rate to the engine port. Due to the uncertainty and the presence of the nonlinear
components in its dynamical model, the sliding mode control theory is utilized in this work
for the throttle valve angle control system to design a robust controller for this system in the
presence of a nonlinear spring and Coulomb friction. A continuous sliding mode control law
which consists of a saturation function, instead of a signum function, and the integral of
another saturation function is used in this work. This choice for the control structure will
prevent the chattering to occurs but with a certain steady state error. On the other hand, the
addition of the integral term will effectively reduce the steady state error according to the
choice of its parameters. The simulations result for typical references of the opening throttle
angle demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller, especially after the addition of
a nonlinear integral term.
PM3 and DFT (6-311G/ B3LYP) level calculations were carried out for the 5Radialene molecule, which is exhibit D5h symmetry. The obtained equilibrium geometry was applied for the calculation of all 3N−6 vibration frequencies, and for the analysis of its normal coordinates and symmetry species, in addition to some physical properties such as heat of formation, total energy, dipole moment and energy difference of HOMO and LUMO levels (ΔELUMO-HOMO), using Gaussian-03 program. The so calculated frequencies according to DFT (6-311G/ B3LYP) fall in the ranges;
CH2 str. (3016-3098 cm-1), C=C str. (1662-1709cm-1), ring (C-C str.) (1268-1464 cm-1). δCH2 (890-1317cm-1), (δCCC) (562-631cm-1), γCH2 (738-946cm-1) and γring (γCCC) (
Liquid-crystalline organic semiconductors exhibit unique properties that make them highly interesting for organic optoelectronic applications. Their optical and electrical anisotropies and the possibility to control the alignment of the liquid-crystalline semiconductor allow not only to optimize charge carrier transport, but to tune the optical property of organic thin-film devices as well. In this study, the molecular orientation in a liquid-crystalline semiconductor film is tuned by a novel blading process as well as by different annealing protocols. The altered alignment is verified by cross-polarized optical microscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry. It is shown that a change in alignment of the
In this paper, the first integrals of Darboux type of the generalized Sprott ET9 chaotic system will be studied. This study showed that the system has no polynomial, rational, analytic and Darboux first integrals for any value of . All the Darboux polynomials for this system were derived together with its exponential factors. Using the weight homogenous polynomials helped us prove the process.
Background: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new orthodontic bonding system (Beauty Ortho Bond) involving the shear bond strength in dry and wet environments, and adhesion remnant index (ARI) scores evaluation in regard to other bonding systems (Heliosit and Resilience Orthodontic Adhesives). Materials and methods: Sixty defect free extracted premolars were randomly divided into six groups of 10 teeth each, mounted in acrylic resin, three groups for a dry environment and three for a wet one. Shear bond strength test was performed with a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min, while surfaces of enamel and bracket-adhesive-enamel surfaces were examined with stereomicroscope For ARI scores evaluation. Data were analyz
... Show MoreSolar photovoltaic (PV) has many environmental benefits and it is considered to be a practical alternative to traditional energy generation. The electrical conversion efficiency of such systems is inherently limited due to the relatively high thermal resistance of the PV components. An approach for intensifying electrical and thermal production of air-type photovoltaic thermal (PVT) systems via applying a combination of fins and surface zigzags was proposed in this paper. This research study aims to apply three performance enhancers: case B, including internal fins; case C, back surface zigzags; and case D, combinations of fins and surface zigzags; whereas the baseline smooth duct rep
single and binary competitive sorption of phenol and p-nitrophenol onto clay modified with
quaternary ammonium (Hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium ) was investigated to obtain the
adsorption isotherms constants for each solutes. The modified clay was prepared from
blending of local bentonite with quaternary ammonium . The organoclay was characterized
by cation exchange capacity. and surface area. The results show that paranitrophenol is
being adsorbed faster than phenol . The experimental data for each solute was fitted well with
the Freundlich isotherm model for single solute and with the combination of Freundlich-
Langmuier model for binary system .
The synthesis and structural characterization of new dithiocarbamate (DTC) ligand and some of its dinuclear transition metal complexes are described. The free dithiocarbamate ligand was prepared through several synthetic routes, including Schiff-base formation. The reaction of 2-aminopropane with terephthaldehyde leads to the formation of Schiff_base which is reduced by methanolic NaBH4 to the corresponding secondary diamine. Diamine( N,N'_ (1,4 phenylenebis (methylene)) bis(propan-2 amine)) reacts with (CS2) in a basic solution of (KOH) to provide the corresponding bis(dithiocarbamate) free_ligand, which undergoes complexation with the appropriate metal (II) chlori
... Show MoreThe accurate 3-D coordinate's measurements of the global positioning systems are essential in many fields and applications. The GPS has numerous applications such as: Frequency Counters, Geographic Information Systems, Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems, Car Navigation Systems, Emergency Systems, Aviations, Astronomical Pointing Control, and Atmospheric Sounding using GPS signals, tracking of wild animals, GPS Aid for the Blind, Recorded Position Information, Airborne Gravimetry and other uses. In this paper, the RTK DGPS mode has been used to create precise 3-D coordinates values for four rover stations in Baghdad university camp. The HiPer-II Receiver of global positioning system was used to navigate the coordinate value. The results wil
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