The research aims to apply the novel forward osmosis (FO) process to recover pure water
from contaminated water. Phenol was used as organic substance in the feed solution, while sodium
chloride salt was used as draw solution. Membranes used in the FO process is the cellulose
triacetate (CTA) and polyamide (thin film composite (TFC)) membrane. Reverse osmosis process
was used to treatment the draw solution, the exterior from the forward osmosis process. In the FO
process the active layer of the membrane faces the feed solution and the porous support layer faces
the draw solution and this will show the effect of dilutive internal concentration polarization and
concentrative external concentration polarization.
In the FO process was a run-time for five hours, and the concentration of phenol 100 and
1000 mg/l, and for the NaCl the concentration was 10000 and 30000 mg/l. It was found that
recovery percent increases with increasing time, while water flux through membrane decreases with
increasing time. Also, it was found that recovery and water flux increases with increasing draw
solution concentration, on the contrary, water flux and the percentage of recovery decreases with
increasing the concentration of phenol (feed solution). Increase in draw solute (NaCl) concentration
has more effect on the water flux in FO process compared with increase in the concentration of
phenol. Outlet phenol concentration increases with time, while the outlet salt concentration
decreases with increasing the time. The results showed that the cellulose triacetate membrane gave
the highest recovery ratio from the thin film composite membrane. The highest recovery was
reached in five hours is 51.33%, while using CTA membrane recovery rate increase, by 23%
compared with TFC membrane. The value of the resistance to solute diffusion within the membrane
porous support layer is 36.83 h/m. Reverse osmosis is perfect method for removal of dissolved salts
from water, thus its suitable process for reducing the content of NaCl in draw solution; therefore the
sodium chloride rejection percentage was 91.6 – 96 % for polyamide membrane (TFC). Within two
hours of work of the reverse osmosis system the recovery percentage of pure water is 58%.
The study of important physico-chemical factors of water of Al-Husainia creek during the period of May 2005 till the end of April 2006 indicated that water temperature showed clear monthly fluctuations ranged from 10 C° during January to 33 C° during August. Dissolved oxygen values ranged from 5.5 mg/ml during August to 14.8 mg/ml during January. Slight monthly changes were noticed in pH values, ranged from 7.7 during May to 9 during January. Also, slight monthly changes were recorded in salinity values which ranged from 0.67 ppt during October to 0.91 ppt during May. Clear fluctuation occurred in turbidity values which ranged from 12 cm during April to 177 cm during January. From the above results, it is clear that Al-Husainia cre
... Show MoreMonitoring water quality in hemodialysis systems is extremely important to maintain adequate quality services for patients suffering from kidney failure. This work aims to examine and evaluate bacteriological characteristics and endotoxin contamination levels in hemodialysis water produced in dialysis centers. Forty‐eight water samples were collected and analyzed from four major hospitals in Baghdad for one year to evaluate seasonal effects. The analysis included the determination of total heterotrophic bacteria using the pour plate method, identification of bacterial isolate using the Vitek2 compact instrument, and the determination of endotoxins levels using Limulus ameboc
Background: Small cardamom or green cardamom is the dried fruit of the tall perennial herbaceous plant, Elettaria cardamomum Maton belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. The major use of small cardamom on world wide is for domestic culinary purpose and in medicine. This study was conducted to test the effect of small cardamom extracts on Mutans streptococci and Candida Albicans in comparison to 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate and de-ionized water in vivo. Materials and Methods: Mutans streptococci and Candid Albicans were isolated, purified and diagnosed according to morphological characteristic and biochemical test. In this experiments, the effect of control agents and small cardamom extracts as a mouth rinses was tested on the saliva
... Show MoreIn this research, a number of the western al-Anbar clays (red iron clays, Attapulgite) were modified by treating them thermally with a temperature of 650oC. After that, these clays reflux with sodium hydroxide 5% for 1 hour by using microwave as a power supply. The research included fractionation alqayaira crude oil the fractionation included removing the asphaltene by precipitation from the crude using a simple paraffin solvent (normal hexane) as a non-soluble substance. After that it was filtered using the ash-free filter paper 42, the dissolved part, maltinate, was taken, drying a temperature of 75oC and weight, and to find the percentage of the two parts. Malatine was divided into three main parts (paraf
... Show MoreDue to the importance of Laser usage in the field of skin diseases Like removing. the cicatrix (acne causes). skin lines, cone spots, two laser systems have underwent a study and evaluation for their use in treatingthe skin diseases.
The research deals with desigrrating an optical system .The system is for concentrating the laser beam C02 with a wave length of
10.6 micrometer Descriptions of 1he system and value of the
perfonnance
... Show MoreThe aim of the current research is to study the effect of adding green tea to the edible film prepared from the whey protein isolate on the effectiveness of microorganisms and evaluating the of antimicrobial effectiveness of these films on Iraqi soft cheese packaging during the nine days of storage as an alternative to commercial packaging. At the beginning of the study, the minimum inhibitory concentration was measured by calculate the diameter of the zone of inhibition on growth of the bacteria and it's included the group of Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa) and the group of Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus Aureus, Bacillus spp) and a yeast (Candida Albican). Where the diameter of t
... Show MoreNewly series of 6,6’-((2-(Aryl)dihydropyrimidine-1,3(2H,4H)-diyl)bis(methylene))bis(2-methoxy phenol) (3a-i) were synthesized from cyclization of 6,6’-((propane-1,3-diylbis (azanediyl)) bis(methylene)) bis(2-methoxyphenol) with several aryl aldehyde in the presence of acetic acid. The newly compounds characterized from their IR, NMR and EIMs spectra. The antioxidant capacity of these compounds screened by utilizing DPPH and FRAP assays. Compounds 3g and 3i exhibited significant antioxidant capability in both assays. Docking study for these compounds as a potential inhibitors of gyrase enzyme were carried out. Compound 3g exhibited significant inhibition with binding free energies (DG) higher than novobiocin. compounds 2, 3a, 3b, 3
... Show MoreThis research aims at investigating pupils’ ability in using discourse markers which are identified in the English textbooks of secondary schools. Four texts are chosen from third intermediate class. The four texts are short stories of different topics.
This research hypothesizes that there are no statistical significant differences among Iraqi intermediate pupils’ ability in using textual
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