Trickle bed reactor was used to study the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene over Ni/SiO2 catalyst. The catalyst was prepared using the Highly Dispersed Catalyst (HDC) technique. Porous silica particles (capped cylinders, 6x5.5 mm) were used as catalyst support. The catalyst was characterized by TPR, BET surface area and pore volume, X-ray diffraction, and Raman Spectra. The trickle bed reactor was packed with catalyst and diluted with fine glass beads in order to decrease the external effects such as mass transfer, heat transfer and wall effect. The catalyst bed dilution was found to double the liquid holdup, which increased the catalyst wetting and hence, the gas-liquid mass transfer rate. The main product of the hydrogenation reaction of nitrobenzene was aniline. Reaction operating conditions, i.e., temperature, liquid flow rate, and initial feed concentration were investigated to find their influences on the conversion and rate of nitrobenzene hydrogenation. Under normal conditions without bed dilution, the system was mass transfer controlled. In the diluted reactor, on the other hand, the resistance of mass transfer was nearly absent and the system became under surface kinetic control. The catalyst showed significant deactivation during the reaction period due to the adsorption of intermediate amine products on the surface of the catalyst. The kinetic study revealed that the reaction is zero order with respect to nitrobenzene concentration for the range of concentration between 0.58 to 1.17 mol/L while it was of positive order for the initial concentration less than 0.58 mol/L
PDBN Rashid, Multidisciplinary International Journal, 2023
Abstract
The economic and financial crises in the world economy series led to increased awareness of the importance of the internal control system, because it is one of the main pillars of any economic unit, as it works to verify the application of policies, regulations and laws and verification of asset protection from theft and embezzlement procedures, it is also working on trust accounting information imparted through the validation of accounting information, analyze and detect the misleading.
The existence the internal control system a factor in many of the accounting practices that limit the ability of the administration to produce misleading financial reporting
The
... Show MoreThe hydroconversion of Iraqi light straight run naphtha was studied on zeolite catalyst. 0.3wt.%Pt/HMOR catalyst was prepared locally and used in the present work. The hydroconversion performed on a continuous fixed-bed laboratory reaction unit. Experiments were performed in the temperature range of 200 to 350°C, pressure range of 3 to 15 bars, LHSV range of 0.5-2.5h-1, and the hydrogen to naphtha ratio of 300.
The results show that the hydroconversion of Iraqi light straight naphtha increases with increase in reaction temperature and decreases with increase in LHSV.
High octane number isomers were formed at low temperature of 240°C. The selectivity of hydroisomerization improved by increasing reaction pressu
... Show MoreTwo methods were established to separate cobalt from the spent catalyst CoMo which also contain Co, Al and Fe. The first method was the precipitation technique by controlling the pH. At pH 5, 76% of the cobalt which was collected with 1.4% Al and 0.5% Fe as contaminants. The second method was the anion exchange by using Amberlite 400 resin, 100% of the cobalt and was collected with 99.46% purity.The only contaminant was Fe with 0.54% with no Al. For a large scale production of cobalt from this spent catalyst, a batch process was designed with a production of 80 grams per batch by using the anion exchange technique. Kilograms quantities of Co were collected.
Development and population expansion have the lion's share of driving up the fuel cost. Biodiesel has considerable attention as a renewable, ecologically friendly and alternative fuel source. In this study, CaO nanocatalyst is produced from mango leaves as a catalysis for the transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) to biodiesel. The mango tree is a perennial plant, and its fruit holds significant economic worth due to its abundance of vitamins and minerals. This plant has a wide geographical range and its leaves can be utilized without any negative impact on its growth and yield. An analysis was conducted to determine the calcium content in the fallen leaves, revealing a significant quantity of calcium that holds potential fo
... Show MoreDuring the last two decades, nanomaterial application has gained a significant attraction into asphalt technology due to their effect in enhancing asphalt binder improving the asphaltic mixture. This study will modify the asphalt binder with two different nano types, nano SiO2 and CaCO3, at levels ranging from 1% to 7%. The resulting optimum nano-modified Asphalt will be subject to a series of rheological tests, including dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), Viscosity, and bending beam rheometer (BBR) to determine asphalt binder sensitivity towards low-medium-high temperature range. Results indicate that both nano types improved the physical characteristics of Asphalt, and 5% by weight of Asphalt was suggested as a reasonable dosage of nano-SiO2
... Show MoreThe article describes a certain computation method of -arcs to construct the number of distinct -arcs in for . In this method, a new approach employed to compute the number of -arcs and the number of distinct arcs respectively. This approach is based on choosing the number of inequivalent classes } of -secant distributions that is the number of 4-secant, 3-secant, 2-secant, 1-secant and 0-secant in each process. The maximum size of -arc that has been constructed by this method is . The new method is a new tool to deal with the programming difficulties that sometimes may lead to programming problems represented by the increasing number of arcs. It is essential to reduce the established number of -arcs in each cons
... Show MoreIn this paper we generalize Jacobsons results by proving that any integer in is a square-free integer), belong to . All units of are generated by the fundamental unit having the forms
Our generalization build on using the conditions
This leads us to classify the real quadratic fields into the sets Jacobsons results shows that and Sliwa confirm that and are the only real quadratic fields in .
For desulfurization of naphtha, NaY zeolite was prepared from Dewekhala kaolin clay (Al-Anbar region). For the prepared zeolite adsorbent, x-ray diffraction, sodium content, silica to alumina ratio, surface area, bulk density and crushing strength were determined. From the x-ray diffraction of the prepared NaY zeolite and by a comparison with the standard NaY zeolite, it was found that the prepared adsorbent in this work has approximately the same crystal structure as the standard. Adsorption process was done in a laboratory unit at 25
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