In this paper, a theoretical analysis of optimum bed thickness operates under mass transfer control for realizing a high efficiency and reaction conversion of an electrochemical reactor has been made based on flowthrough porous electrode (FTPE) configuration. Many models have been used to represent the optimum bed thickness by taking a look into previous works concerned and collecting all related information, data, and models. The parameters that affect the optimum bed thickness have been visualized and reviewed, and almost all of them have been examined by experimental data from different sources and based on the various models. It has been found that the increase in electrolyte flow rate, concentration, limiting current density, and specific surface area reduce the optimum bed thickness, and the increase in electrolyte conductivity, void fraction, and overpotential range increases optimum bed thickness. The most important design parameter that has a great effect on optimum bed thickness is found to be the electrolyte flow rate for any certain operation. It has been concluded that the most appropriate two models to represent the optimum bed thickness of FTPE electrochemical reactor operating under mass transfer control based on the results are those predicted theoretically and stated by Kreysa in (1978) and Doherty et al. in (1996).
The reaction oisolated and characterized by elemental analysis (C,H,N) , 1H-NMR, mass spectra and Fourier transform (Ft-IR). The reaction of the (L-AZD) with: [VO(II), Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Hg(II)], has been investigated and was isolated as tri nuclear cluster and characterized by: Ft-IR, U. v- Visible, electrical conductivity, magnetic susceptibilities at 25 Co, atomic absorption and molar ratio. Spectroscopic evidence showed that the binding of metal ions were through azide and carbonyl moieties resulting in a six- coordinating metal ions in [Cr (III), Mn (II), Co (II) and Ni (II)]. The Vo (II), Cu (II), Zn (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) were coordinated through azide group only forming square pyramidal
... Show MoreThe preparation and spectral characterization of complexes for Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Hg(II) ions with new organic heterocyclic azo imidazole dye as ligand 2-[(2`-cyano phenyl) azo ]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole ) (2-CyBAI) were prepared by reacting a dizonium salt solution of 2-cyano aniline with 4,5-diphenyl imidazole in alkaline ethanolic solution .These complexes were characterized spectroscopically by infrared and electronic spectra along with elemental analysis‚ molar conductance and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The data show that the ligand behaves a bidantate and coordinates to the metal ion via nitrogen atom of azo and with imidazole N3 atom. Octahedral environment is suggested for all metal complex
... Show MoreNew bidentate Schiff base ligand (L) namely [(Z)-3-(2-oxoindolin-3ylildeneamino)benzoic acid] type (NO) was prepared via condensation of isatin and 3-amino benzoic acid in ethanol as a solvent in existence of drops of (glac. CH3COOH). The new ligand (L) was characterized base on elemental microanalysis, FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H-NMR spectra along with melting point. Ligand complexes in general formula [M(L)2Cl2]. H2O, where: MII = Co, Cu, Cd, and Hg; L= C15H10 N2O3 were synthesized and identified by FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H-NMR (for Cd complex only) spectra, atomic absorption, chloride content along with molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility. It was found that the ligand behaves as bidentate on complexation via (N) atom of imine group an
... Show MoreThis thesis was aimed to study gas hydrates in terms of their equilibrium conditions in bulk and their effects on sedimentary rocks. The hydrate equilibrium measurements for different gas mixtures containing CH4, CO2 and N2 were determined experimentally using the PVT sapphire cell equipment. We imaged CO2 hydrate distribution in sandstone, and investigated the hydrate morphology and cluster characteristics via μCT. Moreover, the effect of hydrate formation on the P-wave velocities of sandstone was investigated experimentally.
This study aims to analyze the flow migration of individuals between Iraqi governorates using real anonymized data from Korek Telecom company in Iraq. The purpose of this analysis is to understand the connection structure and the attractiveness of these governorates through examining the flow migration and population densities. Hence, they are classified based on the human migration at a particular period. The mobile phone data of type Call Detailed Records (CDRs) have been observed, which fall in a 6-month period during COVID-19 in the year 2020-2021. So, according to the CDRs nature, the well-known spatiotemporal algorithms: the radiation model and the gravity model were applied to analyze these data, and they are turned out to be comp
... Show MoreIn order to reduce hydrostatic pressure in oil wells and produce oil from dead oil wells, laboratory rig was constructed, by injecting LPG through pipe containing mixture of two to one part of East Baghdad crude oil and water. The used pressure of injection was 2.0 bar, which results the hydrostatic pressure reduction around 246 to 222 mbar and flow rate of 34.5 liter/hr fluid (oil-water), at 220 cm injection depth. Effects of other operating parameters were also studied on the behavior of two phase flow and on the production of oil from dead oil wells.
Numerical Investigation was done for steady state laminar mixed convection and thermally and hydrodynamic fully developed flow through horizontal rectangular duct including circular core with two cases of time periodic boundary condition, first case on the rectangular wall while keeping core wall constant and other on both the rectangular duct and core walls. The used governing equations are continuity momentum and energy equations. These equations are normalized and solved using the Vorticity-Stream function and the Body Fitted Coordinates (B.F.C.) methods. The Finite Difference approach with the Line Successive Over Relaxation (LSOR) method is used to obtain all the computational results the (B.F.C.) method is used to generate th
... Show MoreOur recent work displays the successful preparation of Schiff_bases that carried out between hexane-2,5-dione and 2 moles of (Z)-3-hydrazineylideneindolin-2-one forming in Schiff-bases-(L), Which in turn allowed combining with each of the next metal ions: (M2+) = Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu and Co forming complexes_ in high stability. The formation of resulting Schiff_ bases (L) is detected spectrally using LC_Mss which gave approximately matching results with theoretical incomes, 1HNMR proves the founding of doublet signal of (2H) for 2NH, FTIR indicates the occurrence of two interfered imine bands and UV-VIS mean is also indecates the formation of ligand. On the other hand, complexes-based-Schiff were characterized using the s
... Show MoreThe reaction of 2-amino-benzothiazole with bis [O,O-2,3,O,O – 5,6 – (chloro(carboxylic) methiylidene) ] – L – ascorbic acid (L-AsCl2) gave new product 3-(Benzo[d]Thaizole-2-Yl) – 9-Oxo-6,7,7a,9-Tertrahydro-2H-2,10:4,7-Diepoxyfuro [3,2-f][1,5,3] Dioxazonine – 2,4 (3H) – Dicarboxylic Acid, Hydro-chloride (L-as-am)), which has been insulated and identified by (C, H, N) elemental microanalysis (Ft-IR),(U.v–vis), mass spectroscopy and H-NMR techniques. The (L-as am) ligand complexes were obtained by the reaction of (L-as-am) with [M(II) = Co,Ni,Cu, and Zn] metal ions. The synthesized complexes are characterized by Uv–Visible (Ft –IR), mass spectroscopy molar ratio, molar conductivity, and Magnetic susceptibility techniques. (
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