The hydraulic conditions of a flow previously proved to be changed when placing large-scale geometric roughness elements on the bed of an open channel. These elements impose more resistance to the flow. The geometry of the roughness elements, the numbers used, and the configuration are parameters that can affect the hydraulic flow characteristics. The target is to use inclined block elements to control the salt wedge propagation pointed in most estuaries to prevent its negative effects. The Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD Software was used to simulate the two-phase flow in an estuary model. In this model, the used block elements are 2 cm by 3 cm cross-sections with an inclined face in the flow direction, with a length of their sides 2 and 3 cm. These elements were placed with a constant spacing in two rows at a distance from two sides of the bed of the channel model. Six simulation runs were conducted with two different discharges and three different inclinations of the centerline of the element concerning the flow direction. The applied discharges are 30 and 45.3 l/min, and the inclination of roughness elements are 15o, 30o, and 45o. The spacing between elements in each row is kept at 3cm. The results showed that when no roughness elements were used, the propagation of the salt wedge extended to 3.9m and 3.1m at a discharge of 30 l/min and 45.31/min, respectively. The propagation of the salt wedge was reduced when using the inclined blocks roughness element. This reduction depends on the applied discharge and the angle of inclination. At the minimum applied discharge of 30 l/min, the propagation of the salt wedge was reduced by 74% at 45o inclination. In contrast, it was 69% at 30o and 64% at 15o inclination at the same discharge. When the discharge is 45.3 l/min, the propagation of the salt wedge was reduced by 85% at 45o inclinations of roughness, 84% at 30o. It was 70% at 15o inclinations. The roughness elements improve the flow turbulence that disperses and slows the salt wedge propagation beneath the fresh water.
Nano γ-Al2O3 support was prepared by co-precipitation method by using different calcination temperatures (550, 600, and 750) oC. Then nano NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by impregnation method were nickel carbonate (source of Ni) and ammonium paramolybdate (source of Mo) on the best prepared nano γ-Al2O3 support at calcination temperature 550 oC. Make the characterizations for prepared nano γ-Al2O3 support at different temperatures and for nano NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst like X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescent, AFM, SEM, BET surface area, and pore volume.
The N
... Show MoreForty lower premolars with single root canals prepared with ProtaperNext files to size 25, and obturated with GP/sealer using lateral compaction. Teeth divided randomly into four groups (group n=10). Protaper universal retreatment kit (PUR), D-Race desobturation files (DRD), R-Endo retreatment kit (RE) and Hedstrom (H) files (control) were used to remove GP/sealer in each group. Removal effectiveness assessed by measuring the GP /sealer remnants in the roots after sectioning them into two halves. Stereomicroscope with a digital camera used to capture digital images. Images processed by ImageJ software to measure the percentage of GP/sealer remnants surface area in total, coronal, middle and apical areas of the canal. In the coronal area,
... Show MoreThin films of Nb2O5 have been successfully deposited using the DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique to manufacture NH3 gas sensors. These films have been annealed at a high temperature of 800°C for one hour. The assessment of the Nb2O5 thin films structural, morphological, and electrical characteristics was carried out using several methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Hall effect measurements, and sensitivity assessments. The XRD analysis confirms the polycrystalline composition of the Nb2O5 thin films with a hexagonal crystal structure. Furthermore, the sensitivity, response time, and recovery time of the gas sensor were evaluated for the Nb2O5 thin film
... Show MoreOne of the main element in the network is the intersection which consider as the critical points because there are many conflict in this element. The capability and quality of operation of an intersection was assessed to provide a better understanding of the network's traffic efficiency. In Baghdad city, the capital of/Iraq the majority of the intersections are operated under the congestion status and with level of service F, therefore theses intersection are consider as high spot point of delay in the network of Baghdad city. In this study we selected Al-Ameria signalized intersection as a case study to represent the delay problem in the intersections in Baghdad. The intersection is located in the w
Effect of Chlorococcum humicola alcoholic algae extract was studied on the growth of, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumonia, which were isolated from contaminated water. The extract of Ch. humicola showed a high efficiency in reducing the numbers of the two types of bacteria. . The removal rate of K. pneumonia were 0.0, 48.4 and 57.0, The removal rate of P. aeruginosa were 63.1, 79.8 and 82.9% after24,48, 72 h respectively. The results improved that the K. pneumonia is more sensitive than P. aeruginosa for algae extract concentrations used in study ,and the beast effective time is 24h for the two bacterial species The aim of the study was to eliminate microorganisms using the Alcoholic algae extract. Especially P. aeruginosa and
... Show MoreThis paper aims to deal with the understanding of the properties of the molecular gas hydrogen in the extragalactic spirals sample. It is critical to make observations of CO (J = 1-0) line emission for spiral galaxies, particularly those with an energetic nucleus. In the sample of spiral galaxies compiled, a carbon monoxide CO (1-0) emission line can be observed. This sample of galaxies' gas kinematics and star-forming should be analyzed statistically utilizing appropriate atomic gas HI, molecular gas H2, infrared (1μm-1000μm), visual (at λblue-optical=4400A0), and radio spectrum (at νradio=1.4 GHz and 5GHz) databases. STATISTICA is software that allows us to perform this statistical analysis. The presence of a high scale of s
... Show MoreTo determine the evaluation of education program on women's knowledge regarding managing BSE. The present quasi- experimental study, Non-probability (purposive), sample consisting of (260) women who are employee, and students in both colleges (Nursing college, Medical and Health Techniques College). The sample consist of two groups, study group (130) including those in (Nursing college), and control group (130) in (Medical and Health Techniques College). A questionnaire was constructed which included, Demographic information, Reproductive information, Family history, Previous medical history, and information about women's knowledge toward management of breast self examination (BSE). Instrument validity and reliability was determined. Data w
... Show MoreObjectives: To choose the best mode of delivery
for term, frank or complete, breech presentation
through studying the perinatal outcome of each mode of
delivery decided when managing a group of pregnant
ladies presented with breech delivery in our centre.
Methods: One hundred and fifty pregnant ladies
presented at term with singleton, frank or complete,
breech presentation for delivery in our centre during the
period from May 2004 toAugust 2005.
Mode of delivery, parity, gestational age, maternal age,
maternal medical illness, and birth weight where the
variables that have been tested in each delivery
included in the study to verify their relationship to
perinatal outcome.
Results: No significant
The infrastructure is one of the basic components of the tourism industry in Iraq in general and in Najaf in particular, in spite of there are obstacles and problems that which are hindered the development of tourism in Iraq, some of them are related to the tourism industry itself, some are related to the security and political situation, and some are related to poor management of tourism. However, the infrastructure is considered the cornerstone of the success of the tourism industry in Iraq and other countries, if it is available, it can be a potential indicator of success, and on the contrary, it is a hindrance to go forward. The aim of this research is to shed light on the availability of requirements for the s
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