Background: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a common problem in premature neonates which can be closed pharmacologically using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with many side effects. Recently paracetamol is used in this field when these drugs can not be used like in cases of gastrointestinal (G.I.T) bleeding or perforation, or if the patient doesn’t show response to the NSAIDs and it seems to be of good safety. To the best knowledge this is the first paper that describes in details the strategy of using paracetamol in closing PDA in premature neonates and gives recommendations about this therapy.
Objective: To give a guide and recommendations about using paracetamol in closing PDA in premature neonates regarding dosa

Background: Mediastinoscopy is an integral part in the diagnosis of mediastinal mass. The most common indications for mediastinoscopy is for tissue sampling and determining the extent of lung cancer.
Objectives: To validate our experience with standard cervical mediastinoscopy and to evaluate the usefulness of cervical mediastinoscopy in the assessing the mediastinal diseases when imaging modalities are none diagnostic.
Material and Methods: A retrospective study of 16 patients between January 2012 and July 2014. Mediastinoscopy was indicated for diagnostic staging of nodal disease related to lung cancer in 8 patients (group I) and for isolated mediastinal lymphadenopathy in 8 patients (group II)
Results: There were 11 males and

Abstract
This paper deals with the concept of electronic reference services in academic
libraries , showing forms of communications , training needs for reference librarians
and the role of the librarian in the new technological environment.

This research is dealing with five sample of tomato ketchup products available in local market that were respectively as follows: Hello-Baghdad Iraq, Tiffany-Abu Dhabi, Melody-Dubai, Baidar-Saudi Arabia, and Altunsa-Turkey. Also it is dealing with four sample of sauce products available in local market that were respectively as follows: Hello-Baghdad, Iraq, Al-Badawi-Baghdad Iraq, Family-Baghdad, Iraq, and Hala-Amman Jordon. Analysis was performed on each sample three times and mean of the reading was taking. Samples were tested through terse and shorthand from lengthened steps. The spectrophotometric method used rely on theoretical and practical bases in extraction and diagnosis by UV spectrophotometer. This method in short notes, consiste

Background: Nitric oxide ( NO) is a physiological mediator of many processes in the eye including regulation of aqueous humor dynamics. Compounds acting via NO dependent mechanisms may enhance aqueous humor outflow and reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) .
Objective: Sildenafil a cGMP specific phosphodiesterase 5inhibitor that potentiates NO production and increases cyclic GMP is tested in this study for its effects on intraocular pressure in an acute ocular hypertension model in rabbits.
Materials and methods: Newzealand albino rabbits of either sex weighing 2–2.5 Kg , were used in this study. Sildenafil was prepared in a vehicle of phosphate buffer and diluted to the required strength of 0.5%. Intraocular pressure (IOP ) was meas

Background: Assessment is an important part of the learning cascade in education. Students realize it as an influential motivator to direct and guide their learning. The method of assessment determines the way the students reach high levels of learning. It has been documented that one of factor affecting students’ choice of learning approach is the way how assessment is being performed. Many methods of assessment namely multiple choice questions, essay questions and others are mainly used to assess basic science knowledge in undergraduate education. Objectives: The aim of this study is to compare multiple choice questions (MCQ) and essay questions (EQ) (record the success and failure rate of multiple choice questions (MCQ) and essay quest

Recently, Malaysia has been recognized as one of the most popular destinations for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Southeast Asia. But how do these FDI inflows affect Malaysia economy? This paper aims to identify the role of FDI inflows in Malaysia economic growth through a proposed endogenous growth model. Annual data covers from 1975 to 2010. Unit root test and Johansen Co-integration test are adopted to respectively verify the time series data is stable and the linear combination of the variables is stationary. Hierarchical Multiple Regressions (HMR) Analysis is then conducted to find out the momentum of the Malaysia economic growth including FDI inflows. The results show that the FDI inflows together with the human capital deve

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the possible the association between +3061 (G>A, rs1143676) missense mutation in exon 24 of the integrin α-4 subunit (ITGA-4) gene and the response to natalizumab in a sample of Iraqi multiple sclerosis patients. Methods: A sample of 59 patients with multiple sclerosis (16 males and 43 females; mean age of 32 years; age range of 15 to 52 years) receiving natalizumab for at least 12 consecutive months were involved in the study between March and August/ 2022. The sample was categorized into two groups according to their response to natalizumab treatment (responders and non-responders). Polymerase chain reaction and Sanger’s sequencing for the extracted deoxyribonucleic acid was pe

BACKGROUND: In pregnancy, several physiological changes occur that lead to decrease in the level of hemoglobin. Anemia during pregnancy is a major public health concern in underdeveloped nations, with a high rate of morbidity and death among pregnant women. Inadequate prenatal care, a lack of information about the nutritional requirements of pregnant women, and general low socioeconomic circumstances all contribute to these high rates of morbidity and death. As pregnant women’s and husbands’ education levels increased, the frequency and severity of anemia decreased in the investigated community of pregnant women. AIM: This study aims to find out the level of knowledge about anemia in pregnancy among adult females attending pr