This paper addresses the nature of Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI), considered as one of the most important concepts to ensure effective functioning in a modern society. It comprises a set of continually developing methods and procedures providing the geospatial base supporting a country’s governmental, environmental, economic, and social activities. In general, the SDI framework consists of the integration of various elements including standards, policies, networks, data, and end users and application areas. The transformation of previously paper-based map data into a digital format, the emergence of GIS, and the Internet and a host of online applications (e.g., environmental impact analysis, navigation, applications of VGI dat

The research discusses the formal transformation in urban structure, all the cities around the world have undergone a series of formal transformations, resulting in radical transformations to their functions. And to calculate this transformation the descriptive analytical method was applied to this research. First, local urban management data and Landsat-9 visual data were used after processing by GIS. Then, the data were processed mathematically based on their engineering sequences. The aims of this research were as follows: to explore the formal transformations in cities, their dimensions and their consequences and impacts; to identify the underlying causes of their occurrence by deriving realistic results from trends in such degrees of t

This study was conducted to detect the relationship between organic content in the sediment of Rivers Tigris and Diyala, at two locations south of Baghdad, with some environmental factors and the benthic invertebrates and values of diversity indices. Monthly samples collected from the area for the period November 2007 to October 2008. Results showed differences in the physical and chemical characteristics of the two sites, Where the annual average in Tigris and Diyala were respectively for: water temperature (19, 20) C°, pH (8, 8), dissolved oxygen (4, 8) mg / l , Biochemical oxygen Demand BOD5 (3,44 ) mg/l, TDS (632,1585) mg / l, TSS (42, 44) mg / l, turbidity (28,74) NTU, and total hardness as CaCO3 (485,823) mg / l ,Sulfat

Lower neck pain is one of the problems facing all ages, especially the elderly, as it revolves around the causes of this pain from many diverse factors. The aim of the research is to use special intense exercise accompanied by intermittent electrical stimulation to get rid of lower neck pain among professors of the College of Science - University of Baghdad for ages. (40-60) years and to identify the extent of the effect. The research assumed the presence of statistically significant differences. The research sample represented professors at the University of Baghdad - College of Science who suffer from continuous pain for the period between (10/15/2023) and (1/15/) 2024) and their number is (5), The researchers used the experimenta

Henrik Ibsen is considered one of the greatest writers on society and its problems in the modern era, as his works deal with society in all its forms in a realistic way, in which he presents the motives and consequences of social problems and their impact on society to study these problems through them to and propose solutions through theatre. Most of his writings were very serious about addressing these social issues. The method of collecting information in the study came through reviewing a group of sources related to realistic theater and social theory, then reading the plays covered in a critical and analytical reading. Based on that, the method of writing this study came and used a group of sources that directly relate to the s

Background: Hypothyroidism is a decrease in the production of the thyroid hormones and leads to gland dysfunction. Ashwagandha extract was used as an ayurvedic treatment and supposed to be as antihypothyroidism agent.

Objectives: to investigate the impact of ashwagandha (Ash) extract on propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroidism in rats.

Subjects and Methods: The rats were divided into three groups, control group, PTU (hypothyroid) group (6mg/kg/day by oral route), PTU (6mg/kg/day by oral route) +Ash (50mg/kg/day by oral route) treated group. All treatment continued for

The following list comprises sixty-one species and subspecies of coccine¬llid beetles belonging to twenty-two genera distributed among six tribes in three subfamilies. All the species and subspecies have been recorded for Iraq. The categories have been arranged systematically according to Korschefsky's (1931) catalogue.

In the region of the north of Iraq using the method of analyzing thin section microfacies to 38 of rockyslices which were gathered from a place near Aqra city. These slides are divided into seven microfacies depending on lithologcal component and fossils.

1) Dolostone facies.

2)Recrystallized bioclastic wackestone facies.

3) Bioclastic packstone microfacies

4)Sucrosic dolomite facies.

 5) Bioclastic grainstone in microfacies.

 According to water energy, these facies were divided to three zone:

1. a) Low energy environment.
2. b) Transitional zone.
3. c) High energy environment.

The present study was undertaken to determine the species of tumbling flower beetles (Coleoptera, Mordellidae) found in Iraq. Specimens have been collected from different localities of Iraq since 1970. Results show that the tumbling flower beetles (Mordellidae) are represented with a total of 13 species belonging to four genera of three tribes, two of these species were described by Dr. Horak (1985,1990) as new species for Iraq Mediimorda maceki HoraK and Mordellistena bolognaHorak; two were previously reported Stenalia escherichi Schilsk and Mordellistena pumila (Gyllenhal) and ten are new records for Iraq. Stenalia araxicola Khnzorian, Stenalia brunneipennis Mulsant, Variimorda