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A Population based Study on Self Medication Practice in Pakistan
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Background: The risk of antibiotics resistance (AR) increases due to excessive of antibiotics either by health care provider or by the patients.

Objective: The assessment of the self-medication Practice of over the counter drugs and other prescription drugs and its associated risk factor.

Subjects and Methods: Study design: A descriptive study was conducted from “20th December 2019 to 08th January 2021”. A pre validated and structured questionnaire in English and Urdu language was created to avoid language barrier including personal detail, reasons and source and knowledge about over the counter drugs and Antibiotics. Sample of the study was randomly selected. Data was analyzed by software SPSS version 22.

Results: Out of n=3388 respondents, the prevalence of self -medication practice of OTC drugs and antibiotics as self – medication practice in all of the respondents is 88% and 85.9% respectively. Knowledge of the respondents about the use of the antibiotics as well as side effects of antibiotics was 40.7% and 15.3% respectively. Headache, fever, cough and stomach problem were the minor ailments for which   majority of OTC drugs and antibiotics used respectively. The commonly used OTC drugs and OPDEA were Paracetamol and Omeprazole. The commonly used antibiotics were Metronidazole, Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid and Ciprofloxacin.

Conclusion: Government should make policies to train pharmacist in the community for antibiotics stewardship and standard treatment guidelines through educational workshops. Our future study will be on how to minimize antimicrobial resistance in the developing countries

  1.  Conclusion: Government should make policies to train pharmacist in the community for antibiotics stewardship and standard treatment guidelines through educational workshops. Our future study will be on how to minimize antimicrobial resistance in the developing countries.

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 31 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Prevent administrative and financial corruption behaviors by activating the functions of the organizational immunity system
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The current research aims at testing the relationship between organizational immunity and preventing administrative and financial corruption (AFC) in Iraq. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program (R& SPSS) was used to analyse the associated questionnaire data. The research problem has examined how to activate the functions of the organizational immune system to enable it to face organizational risks, attempt to prevent administrative and financial corruption, and access the mechanisms by which to develop organizational immunity. A sample of 161 individuals was taken who worked in the Directorate General of Education, Karbala. Also, it was concluded to a lack of memory function for organizational immunity. In a

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 19 2021
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
Strongly Coretractable Modules
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Let R be a ring with identity and M be a right unitary R-module. In this paper we
introduce the notion of strongly coretractable modules. Some basic properties of this
class of modules are investigated and some relationships between these modules and
other related concepts are introduced. 

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Publication Date
Mon Feb 18 2019
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Physics
Nucleon momentum distributions and elastic electron scattering form factors for 48Ti and 54Fe nuclei
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The nucleon momentum distributions (NMD) for the ground state and elastic electron scattering form factors have been calculated in the framework of the coherent fluctuation model and expressed in terms of the weight function (fluctuation function). The weight function has been related to the nucleon density distributions of nuclei and determined from theory and experiment. The nucleon density distributions (NDD) is derived from a simple method based on the use of the single particle wave functions of the harmonic oscillator potential and the occupation numbers of the states. The feature of long-tail behavior at high momentum region of the NMD has been obtained using both the theoretical and experimental weight functions. The observed ele

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Publication Date
Wed May 01 2024
Journal Name
Journal Of Testing And Evaluation
Univariate and Multivariate Exploration of Resilient Modulus for Warm Mix Asphalt Mixtures
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This paper predicts the resilient modulus (Mr) for warm mix asphalt (WMA) mixtures prepared using aspha-min. Various predictor variables were analyzed, including asphalt cement types, asphalt contents, nominal maximum aggregate sizes (NMAS), filler content, test temperatures, and loading times. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to examine the behavior of each predictor variable individually and collectively. Through univariate analysis, it was observed that Mr exhibited an inverse trend with asphalt cement grade, NMAS, test temperature, and load duration. Although Mr increased slightly with higher filler and asphalt content, the magnitude of this increase was minimal. Multivariate analysis revealed that the rate of change

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Publication Date
Thu Sep 30 2021
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
The Continuous Classical Boundary Optimal Control of Triple Nonlinear Elliptic Partial Differential Equations with State Constraints
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    Our aim in this work is to study the classical continuous boundary control vector  problem for triple nonlinear partial differential equations of elliptic type involving a Neumann boundary control. At first, we prove that the triple nonlinear partial differential equations of elliptic type with a given classical continuous boundary control vector have a unique "state" solution vector,  by using the Minty-Browder Theorem. In addition, we prove the existence of a classical continuous boundary optimal control vector ruled by the triple nonlinear partial differential equations of elliptic type with equality and inequality constraints. We study the existence of the unique solution for the triple adjoint equations

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Publication Date
Sat Jul 31 2021
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
Preparation and Characterization of In2O3-CuO Nanocomposite Thin Films as NH3 Gas Sensor
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      An NH3 gas sensor was prepared from nanocomposite films of indium oxide-copper oxide mixtures with ratios of 0 , 10 , and 20 Vol % of copper oxide. The films were deposited on a glass substrate using chemical spray pyrolysis method (CSP) at 400oC. The structural properties were studied by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy ( AFM). The structural results showed that the prepared thin films are polycrystalline, with nano grain size. By mixing copper oxide with indium oxide, the grain size of the prepared thin films was decreased and the surface roughness was increased. The UV-Visible spectrometer analysis showed that the prepared thin films have high transmittance.

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 01 2023
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
An Investigation of Corona Domination Number for Some Special Graphs and Jahangir Graph
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In this work,  the study of corona domination in graphs is carried over which was initially proposed by G. Mahadevan et al. Let be a simple graph. A dominating set S of a graph is said to be a corona-dominating set if every vertex in is either a pendant vertex or a support vertex. The minimum cardinality among all corona-dominating sets is called the corona-domination number and is denoted by (i.e) . In this work, the exact value of the corona domination number for some specific types of graphs are given. Also, some results on the corona domination number for some classes of graphs are obtained and the method used in this paper is a well-known number theory concept with some modification this method can also be applied to obt

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Publication Date
Tue Sep 01 2015
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Dynamic Analysis of Fluid – Structure Interaction of Axial Fan System
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Fluid-structure interaction method is performed to predict the dynamic characteristics of axial fan system. A fluid-structure interface physical environment method (monolithic method) is used to couple the fluid flow solver with the structural solver. The integration of the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations is performed in the time Doman, simultaneously to the integration of the three dimensional structural model. The aerodynamic loads are transfer from the flow to structure and the coupling step is repeated within each time step, until the flow solution and the structural solution have converged to yield a coupled solution of the aeroelastic set of equations. Finite element method is applied to solve numerically

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 30 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
An Overview of General Regulations to Minimize Environmental Affects from Petroleum Drilling and Production Activities
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Improved environmental protection requires better education and training of regulations which manage different available activities in petroleum operations.
Data from industry is very important to ensure that the existing or suggested regulations are based on accurate scientific information and that they contribute to best environmental protection without adding useless restrictions to this industry.
This research deals with an overview of major environmental regulations and issues facing the petroleum industry.
Many issues which regulate drilling and production activities that may pollute surface water, clean up of existing hazardous waste sites, storage and management of various chemicals and other important aspects are listed

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 30 2012
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
The Control of Non Isothermal CSTR Using Different Controller Strategies
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In all process industries, the process variables like flow, pressure, level, concentration
and temperature are the main parameters that need to be controlled in both set point
and load changes.
A control system of propylene glycol production in a non isothermal (CSTR) was
developed in this work where the dynamic and control system based on basic mass
and energy balance were carried out.
Inlet concentration and temperature are the two disturbances, while the inlet
volumetric flow rate and the coolant temperature are the two manipulations. The
objective is to maintain constant temperature and concentration within the CSTR.
A dynamic model for non isothermal CSTR is described by a first order plus dead
time (FO

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