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jkmc-847
A Population based Study on Self Medication Practice in Pakistan
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Background: The risk of antibiotics resistance (AR) increases due to excessive of antibiotics either by health care provider or by the patients.

Objective: The assessment of the self-medication Practice of over the counter drugs and other prescription drugs and its associated risk factor.

Subjects and Methods: Study design: A descriptive study was conducted from “20th December 2019 to 08th January 2021”. A pre validated and structured questionnaire in English and Urdu language was created to avoid language barrier including personal detail, reasons and source and knowledge about over the counter drugs and Antibiotics. Sample of the study was randomly selected. Data was analyzed by software SPSS version 22.

Results: Out of n=3388 respondents, the prevalence of self -medication practice of OTC drugs and antibiotics as self – medication practice in all of the respondents is 88% and 85.9% respectively. Knowledge of the respondents about the use of the antibiotics as well as side effects of antibiotics was 40.7% and 15.3% respectively. Headache, fever, cough and stomach problem were the minor ailments for which   majority of OTC drugs and antibiotics used respectively. The commonly used OTC drugs and OPDEA were Paracetamol and Omeprazole. The commonly used antibiotics were Metronidazole, Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid and Ciprofloxacin.

Conclusion: Government should make policies to train pharmacist in the community for antibiotics stewardship and standard treatment guidelines through educational workshops. Our future study will be on how to minimize antimicrobial resistance in the developing countries

  1.  Conclusion: Government should make policies to train pharmacist in the community for antibiotics stewardship and standard treatment guidelines through educational workshops. Our future study will be on how to minimize antimicrobial resistance in the developing countries.

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 01 2014
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Determination of total phenol, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Avena sativa and Ocimum basilicum
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The present study investigated the total content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of water extracts oat (Avena sativa) and basil (Ocimum basilicum), medicinal plants. The Folin-ciocalteu reagent assay was used to estimate the total phenolic content of plants extract. The antioxidant capacity of the plants extract was tested by ferric reducing/antioxidant power Assay (FRAP) and ferric reducing scavenging activity using DPPH method, and the antimicrobial activity was measured against [Staphylococcus epidermidis; Staphylococcus aureus; Proteus spp.; Klebsiella spp.; Escherichia coli; Candida albicans] as tester strains. The total phenolic content of Avena sativa and Ocimum basilicum extracts revealed that the

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Publication Date
Wed Feb 22 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Science
Day to Day variation of Ionosphere Electron and Ion Temperature during Great and Severe Geomagnetic Storms
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The ionospheric characteristics exhibit significant variations with the solar cycle, geomagnetic conditions, seasons, latitudes and even local time. Representation of this research focused on global distribution of electron (Te) and ion temperatures (Ti) during great and severe geomagnetic storms (GMS), their daily and seasonally variation for years (2001-2013), variations of electron and ion temperature during GMS with plasma velocity and geographic latitudes. Finally comparison between observed and predicted Te and Ti get from IRI model during the two kinds of storm selected. Data from satellite Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) 850 km altitude are taken for Te, Ti and plasma velocity for different latitudes during great

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Publication Date
Tue Aug 03 2021
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Using financial and non-financial information ) SASB standards) to enhance investor confidence
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Companies seek to enhance investor confidence by achieving the highest level of transparency in disclosure of financial and non-financial information (SASB standards) for Iraqi insurance companies listed on the financial market. The aim of the research is to identify the extent of the ability of financial and non-financial information to enhance transparency in reporting, which is reflected in Investor confidence. And the standards of sustainability development accounting issued by (SASB) through the electronic questionnaire that was distributed. Companies seek to achieve a set of goals, the most important of which is to enhance investor confidence by improving transparency in disclosure. Concerning the employment of financial an

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 01 2018
Journal Name
مجلة علوم التربية الرياضية
Identifying the standard levels of the most physical abilities and mobility of football players among ages (14-15) years
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Football is a game derived from the integration of football and tennis skills and some of the laws of volleyball and yard measurements, and since it is a newly created game must be studied and cover all aspects related to them to reach them to the highest levels. It is known that each game or sports activity should have Physical capabilities and motor skills, which is important to determine the level of technical performance where the abilities of the game contribute to mastering skills. The significance of the research in determining the standard levels of physical and motor abilities of the football players to help young professionals and the sponsors to increase the efficiency of these capabilities and thus raise the level of per

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Publication Date
Sat Oct 01 2011
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Physics
The Electric Energy Generation Approach of the Energy Saving House Using Photovoltaic System
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This paper describes a research effort that aims of developing solar models for housing suitable for the Arabian region since the Arabian Peninsula is excelled with very high levels of solar radiation.
The current paper is focused on achieving energy efficiency through utilizing solar energy and conserving energy. This task can be accomplished by implementation the major elements related to energy efficiency in housing design , such as embark on an optimum photovoltaic system orientation to maximize seize solar energy and produce solar electricity. All the precautions were taken to minimizing the consumption of solar energy for providing the suitable air-condition to the inhibitor of the solar house in addition to use of energy effici

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Publication Date
Mon May 27 2019
Journal Name
Al-academy
Virtual Museums: Features and Characteristics: وعد عدنان محمود
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This research provides a study of the virtual museums features and characteristics and contributes to the recognition of the diversity of visual presentation methods, as the virtual museums give the act of participation and visual communication with programs at an open time, so that it would contribute to reflection, thinking and recording notes, developing the actual and innovative skills through seeing the environments. The study has been divided into two sections the first one is virtual museum techniques. The techniques were studied to reach the public and are used remotely by the services of personal computers or smart phones being virtual libraries that store images and information that was formed and built in a digital way and how

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Publication Date
Sun Oct 01 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The Extent of Teachers' Application of Professional Standards from the Point of view of Educational Supervisors
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This study aimed to identify the extent of teachers' application of professional standards from the point of view of supervisors and detecting differences in the means of their estimates that may be attributed to the variables of the study (sex, number of years of service, educational qualification).The study adopted a descriptive approach. In order to achieve the aims of the study, a questionnaire including four areas, namely: (professional features, academic knowledge and pedagogy, teaching and learning, and professional development) was constructed.

The questionnaire was applied to a population which consisted of 60 supervisors of all school subjects in the Directorates of Education in

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Publication Date
Mon Apr 10 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Oral And Dental Research
Prevalence of Temporomandibular Joint Disorder among Dental Students of the University of Baghdad
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Publication Date
Wed Mar 31 2021
Journal Name
لارك
السيد الرئيس والغرانيق
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  نقدم في هذا البحث تحليل لعملين أدبيين من منظور الحركات الطليعية ثبتت آثارها لدى بعض الكتاب العرب و أمريكا اللاتينية في فترة سنوات العشرينات والألفين.  كانت الحياة الخاصة للكاتب ميغيل انخل استورياس تلهمه أنتاج أعمال أدبية، اذ شغل منصب دبلوماسي وحصل على جائزة نوبل غواتيمالاكا. ولد وتوفى في مدينة غواتيملاكا   (1974- 1899)   يوجد تحول واضح في عمله ذات الشهرة السيد الرئيس(1948) الذي يكسر المعتاد، لأجل مست

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Publication Date
Sat Nov 22 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of The Iraqi University
La imprescindibilidad de la Exégesis en la Traducción del Texto Coránico
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In the process of translating Qur’anic texts, there is an urgent need for interpretations of the Qur’anic text due to the presence of many incomprehensible Qur’anic verses or words because of our distance from the standard Arabic, language in which the Holy Qur’an was revealed, and the introduction of the foreign words into our language, in addition to the fact that many Qur’anic words are no longer used. All this prompted the need for the interpretation of the Qur'anic text, Therefore, it is necessary for the translator to resort to the books of interpretation if he intends to translate the Qur’an

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