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Practice & Opinion of Doctors in Hospitals toward Referral System in Iraq
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Background: Primary Health care (PHC) is unanimous to be the cornerstone of a person-centered health system. While the adoption of a well-function, two-way, and organized referral system is the mainstay in the development of an efficient healthcare delivery system.  

Objective: To Assess the practice & opinion of doctors in the hospitals toward the referral system.  to determine the doctors in the hospital's commitment to referral system instructions and guidelines.

Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study with analytic elements was conducted in nine Iraqi governorates. Eight doctors from each health directorate, resulting in a total of 72 doctors using a specially designed questionnaire. Statistical analysis was done by using SPSS, the P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: of the total 72 physicians, 31(43.1%) aged 40-49years, 48(66.7%) were males, and 58(80.6%) were specialists., 58 doctors (80.6%) had no coordination with the PHC-doctors, the same percentage considered the current referral system is ineffective. PHC patients-crowded, doctors-shortage were the causes of inadequately filling PHC-part of the referral form. And PHC-hospital doctors-coordination had a significant association with their age, gender, and their thinking about adequate filling.

Conclusion: despite the importance of the referral system, half of the doctors disagreed about the current referral system’s effectiveness; & most of them had no coordination with the PHC-doctors. PHC crowded/doctors’ shortage the main causes of inadequate filling PHC part of referral-form.

 

 

 

الملخص:

الخلفية: تعتبر الرعاية الصحية الأولية بالإجماع حجر الزاوية في نظام صحي يركز على المريض. في حين أن اعتماد نظام إحالة جيد ثنائي الاتجاه ومنظم هو الدعامة الأساسية في تطوير نظام فعال لتقديم الرعاية الصحية.

الهدف: تقييم ممارسة ورأي الأطباء في المستشفيات تجاه نظام الإحالة. كذلك لتحديد مدى التزام الأطباء في المستشفى بتعليمات وإرشادات نظام الإحالة.

طريقة البحث: أجريت دراسة مقطعية مع عناصر تحليلية في تسع محافظات عراقية. ثمانية أطباء من كل مديرية صحية ، مما أدى إلى ااشتراك 72 طبيبًا في استبيان مصمم خصيصًا للبحث. تم إجراء التحليل الإحصائي باستخدام SPSS ، واعتبر P≤0.05 ذو دلالة إحصائية.

النتائج: من إجمالي 72 طبيبًا ، 31 (43.1٪) تتراوح أعمارهم بين 40-49 عامًا ، 48 (66.7٪) من الذكورو 58 (80.6٪) من المتخصصين. ، 58 (80.6٪) منهم ليس لديهم اي تنسيق مع أطباء الرعاية الصحية الأولية. و بنفس النسبة يعتبرون نظام الإحالة الحالي غير فعال. ازدحام المرضى في المراكز ونقص الأطباء هي اهم أسباب نقص ملأ نموذج الإحالة الخاص باطباءالمراكز الصحية بشكل مناسب. وكان لتنسيق أطباء مستشفى الرعاية الصحية الأولية علاقة كبيرة مع العمر والجنس وتفكيرهم في الملأ االنموذجي.

الخلاصة: بالرغم من أهمية نظام الإحالة ، اختلف نصف الأطباء حول فعالية نظام الإحالة الحالي. ومعظمهم ليس لديهم اي تنسيق مع أطباء المراكز الصحية. ازدحام الرعاية الصحية الأولية / نقص الأطباء اهم الأسباب الرئيسية لضعف ملأ نموذج الإحالة.

 

 

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Publication Date
Sat Dec 01 2012
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Impact of Electronic commerce In Imposition of taxes
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That the possibility of imposing a tax on electronic commerce is increasing interest in it by governments in developed and developing countries alike, and there is interest in a logical by governments and bodies of taxation, in particular in developing countries erosion potential tax in the tax base resulting from the adoption of e-commerce if not mutation rules and tax legislation, local and international to take into account this important economic developments and how to keep up, said the combination of the taxation system is the only way to increase revenue needed to finance government spending on goods and services needed by society.

The most important conclusions reached by the rese

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Publication Date
Thu Mar 13 2025
Journal Name
Adab Al-rafidain
Guilt in The Condamned of ALtona of Sartre
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Drama "The Condamned of Altona" shows many different aspects of the 20th century. It contrasts strong, self-assured characters with weak, unsure ones to address absurdism and existentialism. Also, this piece shows the misery of the decade by showing Frantz, one of the play's heroes, taking his own life. Through suicide, disillusionment, and worry, the play depicts the upheaval of the 20th century, which was marred by numerous crises. The play's depiction of the jail and its inmates exemplifies the regret that accompanied the two world wars . Not only does guilt serve as a metaphor for the wrongs done by the Germans, but it also serves as a metaphor for the French inactivity during the occupation. And also the writers who did not devote thei

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 02 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
Women's rights in social studies and national textbooks in the secondary stage in the light of the international charters of women's rights and the cultural specificity of the Saudi society
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Women's rights in social studies and national textbooks in the secondary stage in the light of the international charters of women's rights and the cultural specificity of the Saudi society Abstract The current study focuses on exploring women rights that required to be involved in social studies and national textbooks in the secondary stage in the light of international conventions on women's rights and cultural specificity of the Saudi society, as well as to reveal the teachers and educational supervisors' estimation about the degree of importance of those components included in the books, and then build a matrix of the range and sequence of women's rights in the books of social studies and national in the secondary stage. The study us

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Publication Date
Wed Jul 01 2015
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
Reality and constraints of the use of computers in public schools in the governorate of Ma'an From the standpoint of teachers
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 This study aims to recognize the process of using computer in    publicschools in Ma`an governorate in terms of hardware, capabilities, and teachers usage. It also aims to identify the most important obstacles those schools face from a teachers perspective.

            The study sample consists of (150) teachers from different disciplines. The researcher prepared two questionnaires related to the research pivotal, then presented to a group of arbitrators to be used in this final form. The data was analyzed statistically and the study concluded that there is a shortage in the computer services provided to teachers, and there is a w

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 19 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The Extent of Fulfilling Total Quality Standards by Applied Sciences Colleges in the University of Technology and Applied Sciences in Light of the National Strategy of Education 2040 in the Sultanate Of Oman.
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Abstract

The study aims to identify the extent to which the applied colleges at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences meet the comprehensive quality standards in light of the national education strategy for the 2040 Vision in the Sultanate of Oman. To do this, the researchers used the descriptive approach. They used a questionnaire as a tool for data collection that was applied to (237) administrators, academics, and support functions. The study found that the extent to which the applied colleges at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences meet the comprehensive quality standards in the light of the National Education Strategy 2040 in the Sultanate of Oman recorded a high range. The study als

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Publication Date
Wed Oct 05 2016
Journal Name
Al-academy
The Employment of Brainstorming in developing the idea of design of Fine Arts Institute Students in Designing the Technical Advertisement
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Brainstorming is considered as one of the manners that develop learners' mental abilities. Besides, it can help learners get a lot of ideas and thoughts. And by following applied steps to answer the problem concerned, the researcher carried out this practical study aimed at:Developing the ideas of design of third year students/Institute of Fine Arts/Evening Studies- Baghdad/First Rusafa by employing Brainstorming mechanism to develop the ideas of design of institute students in designing the technical advertisement and to achieve the authenticity of the goal of the research, Department of Plastic Arts/Institute of Fine Arts/Evening Studies/Baghdad-First Rusafa was chosen as a case study for the research. It embraced (20) students who rep

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Publication Date
Fri Jun 01 2012
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The impact of corporate governance in the promotion of business ethics A prospective study in a sample of private banks
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 The study aims to know the role of governance in the consolidation of the principles of business ethics, through the application of the principles of governance and the dimensions of business ethics in the private sector. And knowledge of the validity of the hypothesis key of the current study according to which "increases the ethics of business organizations strength and coherence in the presence of the principles of governance" as it was distributed the questionnaire to a sample of a chairman and board members and managers department  and heads of sections in some of the private banks. I have been using correlation analysis and regression testing (t) to see the moral differences and to find out the c

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Publication Date
Sat Sep 20 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
In vivo histological evaluation of the effect of the topical application of estrogen hormone on wounds healing in ovariectomized rabbit
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Background: Wound healing, as a normal biological process in the human body, is achieved through four precisely and highly programmed phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Growth factors released in the traumatized area promote cell migration into the wound area (chemotaxis), stimulate the growth of epithelial cells and fibroblasts (mitogenesis), initiate the formulation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis), and stimulate matrix formation and remodeling of the affected region. One of factors that effects on wound healing is a sex hormones and one of these hormones is an estrogen hormone. A wide range of cutaneous cell types (eg, fibroblast, endothelial, epithelial, and inflammatory) expressed estrogen receptors, in

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 15 2019
Journal Name
Al-academy
Use of Multimedia in the Design of Educational Websites and their Role in Enhancing the Cognitive Aspect of the Learner
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Multimedia is one of the most important elements of modern educational media and must be used in educational websites in order to disseminate knowledge on a large scale and should be used to provide scientific information to all, as the current research tried to explore the possibilities of employing them in the design of educational websites and highlight their role in promoting the scientific aspects of the user. This study included four axes, the first of which was devoted to the introduction which includes the problem of research, its importance, objectives and its objective, temporal and spatial limitations, which were limited to the study of the main pages of Arabic educational websites published in 2019. The second axis contained th

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 04 2016
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Measurement of Uranium Concentrations in soil of some regions in south east of Baghdad using nuclear track detector (CR-39)
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