Cesarean section, which was introduced into clinical practice as a lifesaving procedure for both the mother and the baby, is one of the most common surgeries performed in modern obstetrics. Formerly it was performed in interest of the mother; currently it is frequently done for fetal indication. As other procedures of some complexity, its use follows the health care inequity pattern of the world; underuse in low income setting, and adequate or even unnecessary use in middle and high income setting (1).
The first modern cesarean section was performed by German gynecologist Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer in 1881. Cesarean section is often performed when a vaginal delivery would put the baby's or mother's life or health at risk. Many are also performed upon request (2).
Pregnancy and delivery are considered a normal physiological state in women; however, of all deliveries approximately 10% are considered high risk, some of which may require Cesarean section (3).
The cesarean delivery rate has increased throughout the world. Cesarean rates have increased over the past 40 years from approximately 5% to more than 30% in many industrialized countries (4). The cesarean rate is approximately 21.1% for the most developed regions of the globe, 14.3% for the less developed regions, and 2% for the least developed regions (5).
Recent studies reaffirm earlier recommendations of the world health organization (WHO), about optimal C-section rates, addressing that the best outcomes of mothers and babies appear to occur with C-section rates of 5% to 10%, while rates above 15% seem to do more harm than good (6).
In US the cesarean rate increased dramatically during the 1970s and early 1980s this may be accredited to the improved technology in detecting pre-birth distress, and began to decline in the late 1980s (based on data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey). Between 1989 and 1996 the total cesarean rate decreased as a result of a decrease in the primary rate and an increase in the rate of vaginal birth after Cesarean (VBAC). Since 1996, these trends have reversed, and increases have been rapid and sustained for primary and repeat Cesareans over the past decade (7).
According to the Iraq Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006 (Iraq MICS 2006) (8), about 20% of births were delivered by C-section (Table 1). Moreover, a brief and rapid survey of C-sections in Baghdad Teaching Hospital, a tertiary referral hospital, indicated that the emergency C-sections account only for 62.2% of the total number of C-sections performed outside the working hours during April 2010 (9).
The study aimed to identify the self- compassion of the students as well as to identify the differences in the self- compassion according to the variables: sex - the academic specialization - Study level, the sample of the study of (200) students distributed equally by sex (male - female) Specialization (Scientific - Human) compassion. The results showed that there were no differences in the self- compassion according to the variables: gender, academic specialization, and Study level. In light of these results, the researcher Number of the recommendations and proposals
Nathaniel Hawthorne is famous for his psychological and moral themes. He is also famous for using symbolism in presenting his poignant themes of sin and its consequences. This research paper studies the use of symbols in Hawthorne's The House of Seven gables as an example of his general use of symbolism in his novels. The general pattern of Hawthorne's symbolism is that he presents one major symbol that embodies the main idea, and supports it with a number of minor symbols that develop and elucidate it. In The House of the Seven Gables, the major symbol is the house itself, which stands for corruption, evil, and the injustice of the past. This symbol is supported by such secondary symbols as the heart, the fountain, the
... Show MoreIn recent years, the performance of Spatial Data Infrastructures for governments and companies is a task that has gained ample attention. Different categories of geospatial data such as digital maps, coordinates, web maps, aerial and satellite images, etc., are required to realize the geospatial data components of Spatial Data Infrastructures. In general, there are two distinct types of geospatial data sources exist over the Internet: formal and informal data sources. Despite the growth of informal geospatial data sources, the integration between different free sources is not being achieved effectively. The adoption of this task can be considered the main advantage of this research. This article addresses the research question of how the
... Show MoreTafsir, ‘interpretation’ is one of the most important sciences the Muslims need. Because Allah, Almighty, revealed the Qur’an to be a way of life for the Muslims in which the healing of what is in the chest, including their goodness and their peasant. Allah says:
“O people, an admonition has indeed come to you from your Lord and a healing for what is in the hearts; and a guidance and a mercy for the believers.”
In order to achieve the goal for which God revealed the Quran must be understood and managed verses:” This is a Book that We have revealed to you abounding in good, that they may ponder over its verses, and that those who have understanding may be mindful.”
The Prophet (PBUH) and his companions understood t
The impact of Jurisprudence Rules in Addressing Contemporary security Challenges
Islamic jurisprudence is related to various fields of knowledge, as it is a science of great value, great in impact, and among the most prominent features of jurisprudence comes the jurisprudence rules. It regulates the principles of the doctrine for the jurist. Therefore, the main this research focuses on (the impact of jurisprudence rules in addressing contemporary security challenges). It is the relationship between jurisprudence rules and achieving security. Its fruit would be a statement of the distinguished impact of jurisprudence rules on the stability of the country, and its leading role in maintaining, strengthening, and pre
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The main objective of this research is to design and select a composite plate to be used in fabricating wing skins of light unman air vehicle (UAV). The mechanical properties, weight and cost are the basis criteria of this selection. The fiber volume fraction, fillers and type of fiber with three levels for each were considered to optimize the composite plate selection. Finite element method was used to investigate the stress distribution on the wing at cruise flight condition in addition to estimate the maximum stress. An experiments plan has been designed to get the data on the basis of Taguchi technique. The most effective parameters at the process to be find out by employing L9
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Recent decades have witnessed tremendous economic development that has led to the spread of international companies (multinational companies) and its activity has expanded to cover many countries of the world, with intense competition among countries to attract more international investments, which has led to the emergence of some controversial accounting issues in many Relevant areas, including accounting for transactions in foreign currencies, translation of financial statements for companies and foreign branches, as this issue is an important and sensitive topic because many of its aspects are controversial and not yet resolved, especially with regard to the variation in standards and Relevant accounting practices from one country to
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In folk medicine there are various medicinal amalgamation possessing hepatoprotective activity. This activity is of significance because several toxins cause liver injury. Hence, many pharmaceutical companies are targeting herbal medicines for the treatment of liver abnormalities and towards evolving a safe and effective formulation with desired route of administration. In current review we have focused on the studies showing hepatoprotective effect using marine compounds and plant derived compounds. Liver disorder, a global health problem, usually include acute or chronic hepatitis, heptoses, and cirrhosis. It may be due to toxic chemicals and certain antibiotics. Uncontrolled consumption of alcohol also affects liver in an unhealthy wa
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Objective: To evaluate the nurse's practices and it's relationship between with thier demographic characteristic.
Methodology: A descriptive study was carried out , from January 15th 2002 to April 15th 2002 , to evaluate the
nurse’s practices toward patients who undergo cardiac catheterization . A purposive sample of ( 65 ) nurse , was
selected out of three teaching hospitals in Baghdad city . These nurses were worked at the catheterization units
and catheterization labs .A questionnaire was constructed for the purpose of the study , which comprised of three
major parts in which there were ( 45 ) items . Reliability and validity of the questionnaire were determined
through the conduct of a pilot study .
Data were c
The research problem stems from the suffering of organizations from the weakness of their organizing aspect and the weak influence of the leadership on the subordinates and their dispersion. Organizations today are in rapid development and therefore work relations are not dominated by the humanitarian aspect and the first goal has become productivity. The research aims to identify the influence of servant leadership and its dimensions as an independent variable on the effectiveness of work teams as an approved variable and their importance increases when these organizations are service organizations, and how their influence increases when this leadership is the servant leadership and its dimensions in the Health Depa
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