Cesarean section, which was introduced into clinical practice as a lifesaving procedure for both the mother and the baby, is one of the most common surgeries performed in modern obstetrics. Formerly it was performed in interest of the mother; currently it is frequently done for fetal indication. As other procedures of some complexity, its use follows the health care inequity pattern of the world; underuse in low income setting, and adequate or even unnecessary use in middle and high income setting (1).
The first modern cesarean section was performed by German gynecologist Ferdinand Adolf Kehrer in 1881. Cesarean section is often performed when a vaginal delivery would put the baby's or mother's life or health at risk. Many are also performed upon request (2).
Pregnancy and delivery are considered a normal physiological state in women; however, of all deliveries approximately 10% are considered high risk, some of which may require Cesarean section (3).
The cesarean delivery rate has increased throughout the world. Cesarean rates have increased over the past 40 years from approximately 5% to more than 30% in many industrialized countries (4). The cesarean rate is approximately 21.1% for the most developed regions of the globe, 14.3% for the less developed regions, and 2% for the least developed regions (5).
Recent studies reaffirm earlier recommendations of the world health organization (WHO), about optimal C-section rates, addressing that the best outcomes of mothers and babies appear to occur with C-section rates of 5% to 10%, while rates above 15% seem to do more harm than good (6).
In US the cesarean rate increased dramatically during the 1970s and early 1980s this may be accredited to the improved technology in detecting pre-birth distress, and began to decline in the late 1980s (based on data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey). Between 1989 and 1996 the total cesarean rate decreased as a result of a decrease in the primary rate and an increase in the rate of vaginal birth after Cesarean (VBAC). Since 1996, these trends have reversed, and increases have been rapid and sustained for primary and repeat Cesareans over the past decade (7).
According to the Iraq Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2006 (Iraq MICS 2006) (8), about 20% of births were delivered by C-section (Table 1). Moreover, a brief and rapid survey of C-sections in Baghdad Teaching Hospital, a tertiary referral hospital, indicated that the emergency C-sections account only for 62.2% of the total number of C-sections performed outside the working hours during April 2010 (9).
The trace elements in the medical herbs play an important role in the treatment of diseases. Well selected herbs samples of Iraqi herbs and collected from local markets. In this study, the concentrations of nine elements Na,K, Zn, Fe ,Co ,Cu ,Ni , Pb and Cd were determined in fourteen kinds herbs common belonging to Matricaria Chamomile Cinnamon,Pimpinella Anisum L., Zea Maize , Anethum Graveolens L., Jeft, Teucrium Polium L., Cagsia Italica,Echium Talicum L.,Ocimum Basilcum L., Galeopsis Sejetum,Nigella Sative L., Cyperus Rotundus L.,Lupinus Jaimehintoniana.The herbs samples were analysed by flameless except Na,K, in flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer in different medical herbs.The results indicated that the Na and K
... Show MoreThe study aims to identify the students’ attitudes toward recent techniques’ use in teaching; using power point software and data show to facilitate teaching approaches as well as following the approach of lecture in giving subjects, do these techniques facilitate, increase, and tackle the difficulties of subjects, do these attitudes positive or negative?, and to what extent these techniques raise up students’ motivation.
There is substantial data supporting the importance of both endogenous and exogenous estrogen in maintaining reproductive health and preventing chronic disease, androgens in women's health are rarely discussed. This is one of the first researches to investigate correlates of blood testosterone concentrations in women with osteopenia, in anticipation of the growing interest in the role of androgens in women's health. A 65 volunteer women were enrolled in the current study, they were divided into two groups, 35 postmenopausal women with osteopenia were in the first group, and the second group contained 30 postmenopausal women without osteopenia as a control. Blood samples were collected from all participants and analyzed for testosterone l
... Show More
The problem of the high peak to average ratio (PAPR) in OFDM signals is investigated with a brief presentation of the various methods used to reduce the PAPR with special attention to the clipping method. An alternative approach of clipping is presented, where the clipping is performed right after the IFFT stage unlike the conventional clipping that is performed in the power amplifier stage, which causes undesirable out of signal band spectral growth. In the proposed method, there is clipping of samples not clipping of wave, therefore, the spectral distortion is avoided. Coding is required to correct the errors introduced by the clipping and the overall system is tested for two types of modulations, the QPSK as a constant amplitude modul
... Show More
The aim of this paper is to determine the effect of internal marketing through three dimensions: vision, development, and reward - on organizational citizenship behavior in three private universities in Iraq. Organizations’ view of their members as internal customers could be made them more realistic in dealing with the reasons for leaving and going to other organizations. This can promote business organizations to build an organizational environment that contributes to making the organization look like the homeland of those workers. The research method is descriptive and analytical. The tool for data collection was the questionnaire. Statistical software (SPSS V.23 and AMOS V.23) was used to analyze the data. The research sample was r
... Show More
Specialized hardware implementations of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) can offer faster execution than general-purpose microprocessors by taking advantage of reusable modules, parallel processes and specialized computational components. Modern high-density Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) offer the required flexibility and fast design-to-implementation time with the possibility of exploiting highly parallel computations like those required by ANNs in hardware. The bounded width of the data in FPGA ANNs will add an additional error to the result of the output. This paper derives the equations of the additional error value that generate from bounded width of the data and proposed a method to reduce the effect of the error to give
... Show MoreThe chalcones 1( a,b) were prepared by the reaction of 2- acetyl benzofuran with two aromatic aldehydes in the presence of alkaline media. These chalcones are used as starting material to obtain the desired heterocyclic: pyrazolin, isoxazoline, pyrimidinthion, pyrimidinone, cyclohexanone and indazole derivatives. The structure of newly synthesized heterocyclic compounds were established on the basis of their melting points, elemental analysis(C.H.N), FTIR and 1HMNR (for some of them) spectral data . The synthesized compounds have been screened for their antibacterial activities, they exhibited good antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (G-) and Staphylococus aureus (G+) .
This investigation presents an experimental and analytical study on the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams before and after repair. The original beams were first loaded under two points load up to failure, then, repaired by epoxy resin and tested again. Three of the test beams contains shear reinforcement and the other two beams have no shear reinforcement. The main variable in these beams was the percentage of longitudinal steel reinforcement (0, 0.707, 1.061, and 1.414%). The main objective of this research is to investigate the possibility of restoring the full load carrying capacity of the reinforced concrete deep beam with and without shear reinforcement by using epoxy resin as the material of repair. All be
... Show More
(1)
We will also derive practical solutions using predictive analytics. And this would include application making predictions with real world example from University of Faculty of Chariaa of Fez. As soon as student enrolled to the university, they will certainly encounter many difficulties and problems which discourage their motivation towards their courses and which pushes them to leave their university.
The aim of our article is to manage an investigation of the issue of dropping out their studies. This investigation actively integrates the benefits ofmachine learning. Hence, we will concentrate on two fundamental strategies which are KNN, which depends on the idea of likeness among data; and the famous strategy SVM, which can break the
Assessment the actual accuracy of laboratory devices prior to first use is very important to know the capabilities of such devices and employ them in multiple domains. As the manual of the device provides information and values in laboratory conditions for the accuracy of these devices, thus the actual evaluation process is necessary.
In this paper, the accuracy of laser scanner (stonex X-300) cameras were evaluated, so that those cameras attached to the device and lead supporting role in it. This is particularly because the device manual did not contain sufficient information about those cameras.
To know the accuracy when using these cameras in close range photogrammetry, laser scanning (stonex X-300) de
... Show More