Background: Tobacco smoking and tuberculosis (TB) are two major public health problems; Associations between smoking and tuberculosis including death from tuberculosis have been reported , A reduction in smoking could be expected to have a significant impact on TB incidence and prevalence .
Objectives: to assess the effect of smoking on tuberculosis.
Methods: This study was conducted from June 2011 to June 2012 in 200 patients, adult ( aged 17 years and more), newly diagnosed patients of pulmonary tuberculosis, at the chest and Respiratory Disease Specialized Center in Baghdad. Demographic data, presenting symptoms, data on smoking, and recurrence of disease were compared. Information on smoking status, tobacco smoking was collected from patients using a specialized questionnaire.
Smoking categories were grouped into ever for current / past smokers) and never.
Results: A total of 200 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, including 116 smokers and 84 non-smokers, were evaluated. The smokers were higher than non-smokers. Smokers were mostly male (p=0.001) there was statistically difference (P value = 0.05) for the duration of smoking, and for the number of cigarettes per day (p < 0.001). Regarding the symptoms of TB, there was statistically difference in occurrence of hemoptysis (P value 0.034) but there was no statistically difference between smokers and non-smokers in relapse rate.
Conclusion: We conclude that smoking may increase the risk of pulmonary TB in men. The risk increase with increasing the duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked. Hemoptysis significantly different with regard to the patients’ smoking status.
Failure in asphalt mixture and distress in pavement are major issues to roads infrastructure. Selecting an appropriate chemical composition of asphalt cement is a key component in avoiding these issues. This work aimed to investigate the effect of the chemical composition of different polar fractions on the rheological and physical properties of asphalt cement. Four types of asphalt cement with penetration grades of 20/30, 40/50, 60/70 and 85/100 were divided into four fractions. Complex shear modules, rutting resistance and rotational viscosity of the asphalt cement were determined by using a Dynamic Shear Rheometer and a Rotation Viscometer, respectively. The results show that an increase in the asphaltene content and Gastel index resulte
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Where the accounting system in Iraq is still using many of these accounting practices according to the legal requirements to measure assets and liabilities away from the measurement that results in information representing the economic essence and represent honestly the financial situation and financial performance and future cash flows, and the needs of users of financial reports to useful accounting information adopted The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) represents the true representation of accounting information in accordance with the concept of economic substance, which is the basis for the preparation and development of international accounting standards, and because accounting is part of the
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Media writing is accuracy writing. Clarity and concision are its predominant features. It is a writing that goes straight to the essence because it has no time to waste. Furthermore, it must be as accurate as scientific writing. It is destined for the average reader and has to be understood by everyone. However, it can be as elegant as literary writing. The variety in its forms of expression does not prevent media writing from having its own amplitude.
In short, this study is a practical approach that aims at studying different kinds of writing styles and identifying the specificity of media writing using some patterns and examples
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The ascaroid nematode Contracaecum rudolphii was recovered in large numbers from the
digestive tract of Phalacrocorax carbo collected in Baghdad area, Central Iraq. The infection
rates of the two sexes of the bird and some meristic and morphometric characters of the
parasite that allowed species determination of the nematode Contracaecum rudolphii were
discussed. This finding represents a new host record for this nematode in Iraq.
The main objective of the audit is The asset is maintained and operated efficiently and is done through to detect fraud and errors in the financial statements and to verify the accuracy and accuracy of the information contained therein and to give a neutral technical opinion on the basis of that, thus the auditor has a professional responsibility in achieving this goal, and that the effects of issuing a wrong opinion works on The loading of the beneficiaries is significant damage, And therefore the presence of any error or bias of the auditor when taking personal judgments in relation to the determination of the relative importance and the selection of audit samples and determine the adequacy and validity of evidence and implemen
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The study aims to reach a common point that achieves a balance between two interests, which are generally in conflict with the public interest and the interest of the individual owner of private property, by extrapolating the provisions of the constitutional judiciary that include the protection of private property, and this protection extends to every right of financial value and is not limited to a specific type, but It included everything that can be estimated with money, as ownership is no longer an advantage for the owner, but rather has become a right for him and a social function. The tax is imposed on what is derived from it, but if there is a need to prejudice it, the conditions, limits and restrictions expressly stipulated in the
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In order to improve the effectiveness, increase the life cycle, and avoid the blade structural failure of wind turbines, the blades need to be perfectly designed. Knowing the flow angle and the geometric characteristics of the blade is necessary to calculate the values of the induction factors (axial and tangential), which are the basis of the Blade Element Momentum theory (BEM). The aforementioned equations form an implicit and nonlinear system. Consequently, a straightforward iterative solution process can be used to solve this problem. A theoretical study of the aerodynamic performance of a horizontal-axis wind turbine blade was introduced using the BEM. The main objective of the current work is to examine the wind turbine blade’s perf
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Background/Aim There is an association between patient general health, socioeconomic status and fracture incidence. Aim of this study was to demonstrate the relation between the socioeconomic and health status and the occurrence of fractures in Al-Kindy Hospital residents. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was performed by using data collected from fractured patients in Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital / Baghdad Orthopaedics Outpatient Clinic, between 12 December 2021 and 8 March 2022. A hundred patients aged 20 to 75 years were included in this study. The data were collected using a researcher-administered questionnaire, which included items to assess patient's socioeconomic status (accommodations, occupation, income status, level of e
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Abstract:-
The approach maintenance and replacement one of techniques of operations research whom cares of the failure experienced by a lot of production lines which consist of a set of machines and equipment, which in turn exposed to the failure or work stoppages over the lifetime, which requires reducing the working time of these machines or equipment below what can or conuct maintenance process once in a while or a replacement for one part of the machine or replace one of the machines in production lines. In this research is the study of the failure s that occur in some parts of one of the machines for the General Company for Vege
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