The present study aims to investigate the effects of duration and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus on diabetic related parameters, adipocytokines and calcium regulating hormones. This study was conducted on eighty diabetic patients (41 male and 39 female) in Iraq, with an age range of 20-60 years and a disease duration range of 1-180 months. Blood samples were collected from the patients to determine three main types of biomarkers: diabetic-related parameters [Fasting blood sugar is FBS glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, and insulin resistance (IR)], adipocytokines [adiponectin and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and calcium regulating hormones [parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D].

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pancreatic islets in which a process of programmed cell death (apoptosis) is elicited in the β-cells by interaction of activated T-cells and proinflammatory cytokines in the immune infiltrate. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a key impact on both immunoregulation and nonimmune events in many cell types .
Objective: to assess the level of serum IL-6 as an inflammatory marker in type 1 diabetic children, with correlation to FBG and HbA1c.
Subjects and methods: 45 type 1 diabetic child (20 males and 25 females), mean age 10.9± 3.4 years who attended the National Diabetic Center, Al-Mustansiria university were included in this study. 45 apparently healthy controls matched for age and sex were participated in this s

Background: Cytokines have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes in a number of studies, and playing a role in the initiation of β-cell damaging process. The objective of this study is to gain more understanding about the role of cytokines in initiation of T1DM, through assessment of IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-6 in diabetic patients.
Patients and methods: A total of 60 patients who were newly diagnosed as having T1DM (diagnosed less than five months) were included in the present study. Fifty apparently healthy control subjects were underwent the measurement of serum IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-6 by ELISA.
Results: Higher serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, and Il-6 were observed in the investigated

Objective: To investigate the relation between dyslipidemia and insulin resistance where it is one of the metabolic
disorders in patients with type-ΙΙ diabetes mellitus and compare the results with the control group.
Methodology: Blood samples were collected from (35) patients with type-ΙΙ diabetes mellitus, besides (35) healthy
individuals as a control group were enrolled in this study. The age of all subjects range from (20-50). Serum was
used in determination of glucose, insulin, lipid profile (cholesterol (Ch), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein
(HDL-Ch), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-Ch) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), for patients and control
groups. Insulin resistance (IR) was calculated acco

Objective(s): The study aims to assess the early detection of early detection of first degree relatives to type-II
diabetes mellitus throughout the diagnostic tests of Glycated Hemoglobin A1C. (HgbA1C), Oral Glucose Tolerance
Test (OGTT) and to find out the relationship between demographic data and early detection of first degree
relatives to type-II diabetes mellitus.
Methodology: A purposive "non-probability" sample of (200) subjects first degree relatives to type-II diabetes
mellitus was selected from National Center for Diabetes Mellitus/Al-Mustansria University and Specialist Center
for Diabetes Mellitus and Endocrine Diseases/Al-kindy. These related persons have presented the age of (40-70)
years old. A questio

The ABO blood group system is highly polymorphic, with more than 20 distinct sub-groups; study findings are usually related to ABO phenotype, but rarely to the ABO genotype and animal models are unsatisfactory because their antigen glycosylation structure is different from humans. Both the ABO and Rh blood group systems have been associated with a number of diseases, but this is more likely related to the presence or absence of these tissue antigens throughout the body and not directly or primarily related to their presence on RBCs. A total of fifty-two 52 patients without complication of DMII, two hundred sixteen 216 patients with complication of DMII and seventy-one 71 person as healthy control were included in the study. The resu

Background: Periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus are both considered as a chronic disease that affect many people and have an interrelationship in their pathogenesis. Objective: The aim is to evaluate the salivary levels of interleukin-17 (IL-17) and galectin-3 in patients with periodontitis and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: The samples were gathered from 13 healthy (control group) and 75 patients split into 3 groups, 25 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and healthy periodontium (T2DM group), 25 patients with generalized periodontitis (P group), and 25 patients with generalized periodontitis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (P-T2DM group). Clinical periodontal parameters were documented. The concentration of IL-17

The study was aimed to investigate the association between IL-10 (-592A/C) gene polymorphism with the progression of type 2 diabeteis mellitus in Basrah Province. This study included (100) subjects (30) person as a control group and (70) patients with T2DM. The patients were distributed as two groups according to Their gender and duration of the disease: group for short duration (≤ 5 years)  and group for long duration( >5 years). Lipid profile and glucose concentrations were measured by COBAS analyzer while IL-10 (-592A/C) gene polymorphism was genotyped by using (RFLP-PCR) technique. CC genotype frequency showed a significant decrease while CA genotype  revealed significant increase ( p≤0.05) in T2DM c

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that influences above 450 million individuals around the world. Type 2 diabetes is a lack of insulin due to pancreatic β-cell malfunction and insulin resistance. This study aimed to detect insulin resistance using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA IR) and determined the correlation with glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity in T2DM and neuropathy patients as a predictor of oxidative stress, which occurs when the oxidation-antioxidant equilibrium is disrupted. Reactive oxygen species causes vascular injury and a series of inflammation. In the present study, the results show there is no significant difference in diabetic patients (DM) and neuropathy patients (NU) versus healthy p

Background: Diabetic patients with accompanied dyslipidemia are soft targets for cardiovascular diseases. An early intervention to normalize circulating lipids has been shown to reduce
cardiovascular complications and mortality. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a routinely used marker for long-term glycemic control.
Objective: to investigate the role of HbA1c as a marker of circulating lipids in type 2 diabetic patients
Subjects and Methods: A total of 450 type 2 diabetic patients (214 males and 236 females), mean age was 55.5 ± 9.35. who attended the National Diabetic Center, Al-Mustansiria university during the period from December 2010 to May 2011 were included in this study Fasting venous blood sample