This research attempts to find the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of IL₂₊₁₆₆ gene (rs2069763) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in a sample of Iraqi patients. A total of 44 patients and 55 apparently healthy volunteers were genotyped for the SNP using polymerase chain reaction test. Three genotypes (GG, GT, and TT) corresponding to two alleles (G and T) were found to have SNP. Both study groups’ genotypes had a good agreement for the analysis of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. The results revealed increased frequencies between the observed and expected GG and TT genotypes and IL2₊₁₆₆ SNP T allele in T2DM  patients (40.9 vs. 40.0 %; OR = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.47 - 2.31)

Ghrelin and leptin are hunger hormones related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and the pathogenesis of T2DM is the abnormality in insulin secretion and insulin resistance (IR). The aim of this study is to evaluate ghrelin and leptin concentrations in blood and to specify the relationship of these hormones as dependent variables with some biochemical and clinical measurements in T2DM patients. In this study, forty one T2DM and forty three non-diabetes mellitus (non-DM) subjects, aged between 40-60 years and with normal weight, were enrolled. Fasting serum ghrelin and leptin were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In our results ghrelin was significantly increased, and leptin was significantly decreased, in T2DM pa

Background: Several studies suggested that skeletal system is adversely affected by diabetes and is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis and fragility fractures  

Objectives: The study was a case-control study that designed to assess the level of bone turnover markers (BTMs) among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to investigate the effect of body weight and diabetic control on the level of bone turnover

Type of the study: Cross- sectional study.

Methods: The present study included 100 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Sixty-six non-diabetic postmenopausal women were enrolled as a control. Fasting b

Background:

Background: Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissue, resulting in an increased risk of fractures and has touched rampant proportions. Osteocalcin, one of the osteoblast-specific proteins, showed that its functions as a hormone improves glucose metabolism and reduces fat mass ratio. This study is aimed to estimate the osteocalcin and glucose level in blood serum of osteoporotic postmenopausal Women with and without Type 2 Diabetes.Materials and methods: 60 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis divided into two groups depending on with or without T2DM, 30 patients for each. Serum samples of 30 healthy postmenopausal women were collected as control group. Ost

     One of the most prevalent illnesses in developing countries is myocardial infarction (MI), which develops when the heart's blood supply is suddenly interrupted and causes tissue damage. It is connected to several metabolic risk factors, including diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. The objective of this study was to assess how oxidative stress (OS) contributed to the pathophysiology of MI and T2DM. The current study examined 152 male samples, including 52 MI patients without T2DM (G1), 50 MI patients with T2DM (G2), and 50 seemingly healthy men as controls (C). The levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), C-reactive protein (CRP), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdeh

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic and vascular illness associated with two to four times coronary artery disease (CAD) events and mortality which correlate well with fasting, postprandial plasma glucose and HbA1c level. Other factors such as aging, gender, smoking, dyslipidaemia and hypertension also play an important role in diabetic micro- and macro-vascular complications. Type 2 DM is reported now to be CAD equivalent.
Patients and Methods: A cross sectional study of 118 patients including 90 males and 28 females being 63 diabetics and 55 non-diabetics over the period from March-November 2007 in Iraqi center for cardiac diseases who were underwent coronary angiographic study.
Results

This study is carried out on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus to assess the lipid profile, malondialdehyde and glutathione. Our study is concerned with 51 (Iraqi Arab females) patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with 31 control subjects unified in age, sex and ethnic background. Lipid profile is measured by using commercially available kits, while the serum MDA and glutathione levels are measured by means of sandwich ELISA test using commercially available kits. Serum MDA is significantly higher (P<0.001) while glutathione is significantly lower (P<0.001) in type 2 diabetic patients when compared to the control. The normal levels of MDA (3.82 ± 0.77n mol/ml) and GSH (2.23 ± 0.54 µg/ml) recorded for the non-diabetic female

Background: Chronic hyperglycemia causes diabetic nephropathy(DN), which is a typical microvascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of DN is not fully understanding. The inflammation may possess a significant role in the progression of DN in diabetic patients. Method: The study accomplished at teaching laboratories of medical city, Baghdad, Iraq. It was included 50uncontrolled diabetic type 2 patients with nephropathy, age range (40-78) years and 42 controlled diabetics type 2 without nephropathy, age range (35 - 52) years as a control group. The participants divided in to two groups according to HbA1c measurement which is described as follows: < 7.5% of HbA1c describes controlled diabetes, and > 9% of HbA1c