Palladium nanoparticles are produced by Polyol method. The characterization of the Pd nanoparticle has been conducted by various techniques such as SEM and AFM. The results of Pd powder showed that the particle size is directly proportional to the temperature and the reaction time. The optimum conditions for obtaining minimum nanoparticles size are 45 oC reaction temperature and 60 min reaction time and the smaller particle size achieved is equal to 25 nm. The optical limiting of smaller size nanoparticles has been studied. The palladium nanoparticles appear to be attractive candidates for optical limiting applications.

ABSTRACT

Naproxen(NPX) imprinted liquid electrodes of polymers are built using polymerization precipitation. The molecularly imprinted (MIP) and non imprinted (NIP) polymers were synthesized using NPX as a template. In the polymerization precipitation involved, styrene(STY) was used as monomer, N,N-methylenediacrylamide (N,N-MDAM) as a cross-linker and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. The molecularly imprinted membranes and the non-imprinted membranes were prepared using acetophenone(AOPH) and di octylphathalate(DOP)as plasticizers in PVC matrix. The slopes and detection limits of the liquid electrodes ranged from)-18.1,-17.72 (mV/decade and )4.0 x 10^-

   In this research the effect of grain size and effect of La2O3 doping on densification  rate for the  initial and intermediate  stages of sintering were studied .The experimental results for α – cristobilite powder are modeled using ( L2-Regression ) technique in studying  the effect of grain size and La2O3 doping using  three particles size (6.12, 8.92, 13.6 ) µm, with undoped  initial powder and with La2O3 doping . The mathematical simulation showes that the densification rates increase as the initial particles sizes decrease and vice versa. This shows that the densification depends directly on the initial compact density which reflects the contacts area between the particles . How

      Big data usually running in large-scale and centralized key management systems. However, the centralized key management systems are increasing the problems such as single point of failure, exchanging a secret key over insecure channels, third-party query, and key escrow problem. To avoid these problems, we propose an improved certificate-based encryption scheme that ensures data confidentiality by combining symmetric and asymmetric cryptography schemes. The combination can be implemented by using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman (ECDH). The proposed scheme is an enhanced version of the Certificate-Based Encryption (CBE) scheme and preserves all its advantages. However

Electron transfer (ET) reactions represent an elementary chemical process which occurs in a large  variety of molecules, ranging from small ion pairs up to large biological system.      A theoretical study of photo – induced electron transfer between Ruthenium (II) tirs -( 2,2 ï‚¢- bipyrdine ) Ru(bpy)  2 3 and Methyl Viologen MV2+ in a variety of Solvents at room temperature is presented . This study is based on an optical activation by the absorption of light .The Solvent is described by a dielectric continuum model, and  the transferring is represented by a quantum mechanical wave function . In this application, the reorganization energy  , the driving free energy  Gï

          Physicochemical characteristics of groundwater in AL-Miqdadiyah town were studied by taking random water samples from six differents wells from July to December 2010. The results were compared with the international standards for drinking-water of WHO and FAO and the iraqian limits . Fourteen parameters were analysed. It was found that most of studied wells waters in the allowed limits for drinking water . Except W1 & W2 which had the hight values of turbidity during summer  season only . The present study showed clear differents between winter & summer values in (turbidity , TDS , Cl^- , NO₂ and Na) . While the remaining characteristics showed exigu

The reaction of 2-amino benzoic acid with 1,2-dichloroethane under reflux in methanol and KOH as a base to gave the precursor [H₄L]. The precursor under reflux and drops of CH₃COOH which reacted with (2mole) from salicycaldehyde in methanol to gave a new type N₂O₄ ligand [H₂L], this ligand was reacted with (MCl₂) Where [M= Co (II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)] in (1:1) ratio at reflux in methanol using KOH as a base, to give complexes of the general formula [M(L)]. All compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic methods [¹H NMR ( just to the ligand), FTIR, uv-vis, atomic absorption], melting point, conductivity, chloride content, as well as m

The reaction of 2-amino benzoic acid with 1,2-dichloroethane under reflux in methanol and KOH as a base to gave the precursor [H4L]. The precursor under reflux and drops of CH3COOH which reacted with (2mole) from salicycaldehyde in methanol to gave a new type N2O4 ligand [H2L], this ligand was reacted with (MCl2) Where [M= Co (II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II)] in (1:1) ratio at reflux in methanol using KOH as a base, to give complexes of the general formula [M(L)]. All compounds have been characterized by spectroscopic methods [1H NMR ( just to the ligand), FTIR, uv-vis, atomic absorption], melting point, conductivity, chloride content, as well as magnetic susceptibility measurements. From the above data, the proposed molecular structu

Intervention in International Relations from the concepts that are still highly
controversial among those he considers a breach of international law and the UN Charter and
in violation of the rule , and those who felt that the need provided, however, that this is linked
motives humanity recognized by the international community , because the international
variables proved the inadequacy of the principle of non-interference and the principle of
sovereignty as the traditional variables international , and therefore most of the international
practice came a bus with many of the behaviors that reflect a decline in its entirety to these
principles , and became adapt these principles with international reality is too compl