Background: Colostomy minimizes the risk of leakage at expense of requiring a second operation. In Iraq, published on colostomy closure in penetrating abdominal wall injuries is scarce.

Objective: to Study the prognosis of colostomy closure in post-conflict patients in Iraq.

Method: This is a retrospective study of 52 patients subjected to colostomy closure, recruited for the period 2008 to 2009 from Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital and Children Central Teaching Hospital. Demographic data and information about colostomy (type, methods of preparation … etc.) were studied.

Results: Trauma was noticed in 57.7% patients. Transverse colon was the commone

Back ground : Fever is a common medical problem in
children. parents have been shown unrealistic fears of
harmful effects of fever in their children. Resulting in
inappropriate management of fever in their children.
Objective: the objective of this study was to survey
parents about their knowledge andattitude concerning fever
in their children.
Methods : The study involved random selection of
parents who brought their febrile children to emergency
department or out-patient clinics of five teaching and non
teaching hospitals in Baghdad from first of October to end
of December 2002.
Parents of 400 febrile children were interviewed using a
standard questionnaire to obtain sociodemographic
informatio

Regulations of changes in Sharia policy

Variables include jurisprudential rulings that may be subject to change, alteration and interpretation, depending on the mujtahid’s view of the ruling, or changing it and switching to another view, and the variables are the crucial issues that befell the nation of Islam. It was not neglected by Islamic legislation, but rather the setting of controls that took into account in every incident the norms, interests and purposes.

Labor movement is considered important in Britain because it is an international phenomenon of the feudal system and one of the flowerings of the era of the capitalist machine. At the beginning of the 18th century, the world witnessed a change and progress in many aspects of the industrial fields such as the different means of production .this era is called the industrial revolution which especially appeared in Britain and extended to other areas of the world .it leads to many changes in Europe and participated in different economic, political and cultural and social fields. and it has a very important role in progress and development but its disadvantage is that it is exploited by the capitalists to achieve their special rights .in othe

Background: The prevalence of thyroid nodules rise with age and different data available about the risks of thyroid surgery in old age people. In general, old age could be a predictor of perioperative mortality and morbidity. The aim of this study is to prove if there is increased risk accompanying thyroidectomy in elderly patients.

Subjects and Methods: Prospective study of one surgeon of study sample undergoing thyroid surgery at Al-Kindy teaching hospital and Saint Raphael hospital .This study was including two groups; group (A) involved patients 65 years and older, group (B) involved patients below 65 years old who were subjected to thyroidectomy. Taking in consideration hist

It is the dynamic tension between the relatively fixed built environment and the constantly changing in social life that determines the nature of urban spaces belonging to different historical periods, and considered as a tool for diagnosing transformations in urban spaces, that’s why, the characteristics of urban space became unclear between positive spaces and negative spaces, so emerged the need to study contemporary urban space belonging to the current period of time and show the most important transformations that have occurred in contemporary urban space to reach urban spaces that meet the current  life requirements. Therefore, the research dealt with a study of the characteristics of contemporary urban space and the most pr

النظام السياسي في كوريا الشمالة

Theater is described as a form of human expression, and an important human necessity, through which the needs of individuals and societies are expressed, and an important mediator for the transfer of educational, social and intellectual dimensions. Hence, the importance of the child’s theater emerged as a guiding educational method that affects the child’s development educationally, emotionally, psychologically and socially through imaginative play that combines enjoyment and entertainment. The grotesque is one of the artistic methods that work to attract the attention of the recipient in theatrical texts that combine dissonance and contradiction in a dramatic act that combines the beautiful and the ugly, the honest and the false tog

The childhood of the important stages in which the adopted child's personality, mental and physical, motor and configure , as well as gain experience , it is the basis on which the future life of the child , studies have unanimously competent in the fields of childhood verily the first five years of a child of the most important stages of life and the most fertile life . Because the stage Childhood its an active role as the foundation upon which to build human personality , it was necessary to create all leads to raise the level of intelligence of children , because intelligence is the first element in the organization of thinking makes the child able to do the activities characterized by mental qualities .
Indicated most of the scien

The power of advertising is immense. Producers of commercial goods and services routinely pour vast sums into promoting their wares through the advertising media, knowing  that a successful campaign can win them vital market share , and that failure to advertise effectively can have devastating results . The function of advertising is promotional ; to draw our  attention. In order  to achieve this function it must reach its target  audience , then capture that audience with a message that is both attractive and memorable.

         From a linguistic point of view, the language of advertising must be informative, instructive , distinctive and persuasive . It must employ&nb