The literature reviews of all reports of parasites fauna cats Felis catus in Iraq species of including 15 protozoa (Babesia spp., Crptosporidium spp., C. muris, C. parvum, Cytauxzoon felis, Eimeria cati, Entamoeba spp., Giardia sp., Giardia spp., Isospora ssp., I. felis., I. rivolta, Leishmania tropica and Toxoplasma gondii), five trematoda (Heterophyes aequalis, H. heterophyes, Opisthorchis felineus, O. tenuicollis and Paragonimus killicotti), 17 cestoda (Diphyllobothrium sp., D. latum, Diplopylidium acanthotetra, D. nolleri, Dipylidium spp., D. caninum, D. sexcoronatum, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Joyeuxiella echinorhyncoides, J. pasqualei, Mesocestoides variabilis, Spirometra sp., S. erinaceieuropaei, S. mansonoides, Taenia sp., Taenia spp. and T. taeniaeformis), 18 nematoda) Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Ancylostoma spp., A. paraduodenale, A. tubaeforme, Capillaria spp., C. arophilia, C. felis, Dioctophyma renale, Dirofilaria immitis, Ganathostoma sp., Ollulanus tricuspis, Physaloptera praeputiale, Pterygodermatites cahirensis, Rictularia cahirensis, Strongyloides spp., Toxascaris leonine, Toxocara sp. and T. cati) and seven arthropoda (Ctenocephalides felis, Felicola subrostratus, Ixodes spp., Otodectes cynotis, Rhipicephalus sp., R. sanguineus and R. turanicus).
X-ray diffractometers deliver the best quality diffraction data while being easy to use and adaptable to various applications. When X-ray photons strike electrons in materials, the incident photons scatter in a direction different from the incident beam; if the scattered beams do not change in wavelength, this is known as elastic scattering, which causes amplitude and intensity diffraction, leading to constructive interference. When the incident beam gives some of its energy to the electrons, the scattered beam's wavelength differs from the incident beam's wavelength, causing inelastic scattering, which leads to destructive interference and zero-intensity diffraction. In this study, The modified size-strain plot method was used to examin
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