أشارت الجهود المعرفية السابقة إلى وجود اهتمام متزايد بالجماعات (Groups) على أساس أنها اللبنات الأساسية لقيام المنظمات. وقد فرض تعدد المنظمات في المجتمعات المعاصرة وتباينها من حيث أهدافها وطبيعة نشاطها، تجزئة فعالياتها إلى تخصصات عدة على وفق إطار تقسيم العمل، وبما أدى إلى تقسيم الأفراد العاملين إلى جماعات مختلفة في أدائها وأحجامها وشكلها، والتي تعمل جميعها لتحقيق هدف تلك المنظمات الذي قامت من اجله، مما يحقق لها البقاء والتقدم في وسط بيئة تتصف بالتغيير السريع. ولعل ابرز ما يشغل الباحثين والممارسين والدارسين للجماعات، هو تحقيق التناسق والتكامل داخلها، ومن أبرز أشكال التناسق والتناغم بين أفراد الجماعة الواحدة هو التعاون (Cooperation) ولقد عدَ (Barnard 1938) وهو أحد أوائل المنظرين في مجال التنظيم الحديث، التعاون شيئاً مهماً جداً لبقاء الوحدة الاجتماعية مستمرة في تلك الوحدة التي يرفع أعضاؤها بعضهم البعض للسلوك التعاوني. وهنالك منظرون آخرون تأثروا بـ Barnard)) أمثال (March & Simon)و (Thomson)، أدخلوا فيما بعد آراء مماثلة لارائه، وبالنتيجة صار التعاون مفهوماً أساسياًً في علم المنظمة والسلوك التنظيمي (Wagner, 1995). وعلى الرغم من الأهمية الكبيرة للتعاون، إلا أن المرء ينظر من خارج علم المنظمة ليجد سيلاً كبيراً من النظريات والبحوث والدراسات التي تتعلق بالتعاون بين أنواع الجماعات في منظمات الأعمال المعاصرة. فقد قام الباحثون في مجال الاقتصاد، وعلم النفس الاجتماعي بدراسة الأنماط السلوكية التي سميت "بالتطفل"Free–Riding) ) "والتواكل" Loafing Social)) أو الاعتمادية على الغير (Wagner, 1995)، وسعت بدورها إلى تحديد العوامل التي تعيق ميول الأفراد نحو التعاون. وفي مجال آخر من البحوث علقّ عدد من علماء الاجتماع على الميول الفردية للعديد من النظريات الحالية بشأن التعاون الاجتماعي والسلوك الإنساني، وأتجه بعضهم للقول إلى أن وجود الميول المتجهة نحو الجماعية قد تحفز التعاون بطرائق لم يجرِ تصورها في معظم البحوث، ومن هذا المنطلق، يجد الباحثان أنفسهما أمام أهمية دراسة مدخل الجماعية وأثره في تعاون الأفراد والجماعات داخل المنظمات، ومن أبرز ما وجداه مهماً هو هذا المدخل الذي يقود الفرد العامل في جماعة ما إلى تحديد سلوكياته داخلها، ومن ثم فأن اتجاهاته تؤثر في سلوكياته نحو التعاون مع أقرانه في الجماعة، أو عدم التعاون معهم.
The interest of many companies has become dealing with the tools and methods that reduce the costs as one of the most important factors of successful companies, and became the subject of the attention of many economic units because of the impact on the profits of company, and since the nineties of the last century the researchers and writers gave great attention to this subject, especially in light of the large competition and rapid developments in cost management techniques, as well as the wide and significant change in production methods that have been directed towards achieving customer satisfaction, all this and more driven by economic units in all sectors whether it is service or productivity to find methods that would reduc
... Show MoreThe economic units always sought to maintain its market position and Trchinh the technology management and modern methods that will support success factors .vdila about it has become a customer and one profitability analysis of the most practical way benefit of economic units as modern management focus their attention on achieving this satisfaction, as the customers make up the axis of the success of every organization and that there are many government units aiming to profit directs attention to customers and the number of these units increased continuously. The administration used the customer profitability analysis in order to obtain information to assist in making and decision-making process. How to use modern tec
... Show MoreThe study aimed to identify the effect of Total Quality Management on enhancing competitiveness through the opinions of employees of the front- rows of customer service in local Palestinian banks, the researcher adopted an analytical descriptive method through developing a special questionnaire to accomplish the study’s objectives and answer its questions. The study involved all the Palestinian local banks, with their scattered branches in West Bank. The study sample consisted of 3470 executive employees for banking services out of 4753 employees, in the rate of 73%, and the study sample reached (485) employees who were randomly selected working in the front -rows to provide services in the local Palestinian banks during the ye
... Show Moreيناقش البحث المقومات المادية والمجتمعية والموضوعية للدور الاقليمي العراقي بعد العام 2010 والفرص المتاحة والقيود التي تحد منه والافاق المستقبلية لهذا الدور في ظل بيئة اقليمية تسودها منظومات تحالف متناقضة في الاهداف والاستراتيجيات
François Mauriac’s novel The Desert of Love (1949) puts the reader before an experienced sociologist who is skillfully able to analyze the most mysterious human emotions and feelings. The writer's starting point is that people are similar in feelings but different in behavior. He severely criticized the aristocratic class and uncovered its defects and faults.
The novelist presents Courege's family as an example of the aristocratic class. It is a family torn by hatred, selfishness and disagreements due to absence of intimacy and love. This poisoned environment pushes the father and his son, Raymond, to search away for emotional ventures and banned relations
... Show MoreThe current paper aims to study the different forms by which the theme of labyrinth imposes itself as a preferred narrative structure in the novels of the French writer Patrick Modiano. Theoretically speaking, the current research paper will limit itself to the theoretical framework of the textual poetics which relies on the study of literary texts without paying much attention, neither to the context, nor to the life of its author. The analysis of the strong and varied links that Modiano's novels establish with labyrinth represents a field which has not received adequate attention by the critical studies dedicated to this French writer. As it will be shown throughout the current paper, Modiano views labyrint
... Show MoreThe study sheds lights on the simple verbal formulas with its particular time suffixes as found in the Turgut Özakman’s play These Crazy Turks.
The introduction of the study sheds light on the life of the author and playwright, as well as traces the different types of the verbal formulas in Turkish language.
Oh Those Young is one of the most significant products of the Turkish literature of the young and Children where the literary messages of the playwright are addressed in a simple comic sarcastic style. Hence, the play, that has been studied and acted by many students and academics, drives its importance from this particular course of action.
... Show MoreCardiovascular disease is one of the most common comorbidities associated with enlarged extremities, occurring in 60 % of patients with acromegaly. The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship of growth hormone and insulin such as growth factor-1 with obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10), as risk factors for cardiovascular disorder in acromegaly patients. Eighty subjects were included and categorized into two groups: 40 acromegaly patients and 40 of the control group. The results indicated weight excess, hyperglycemia, hypertension, lipid disorder, and elevated levels of interleukins (2, 6, and 10). The correlation of both GH and IGF-1 with each of weight, BMI, systolic blood p
... Show MoreThe purpose of this research is to identify heritage and highlight its value by drawing on its decorative vocabulary and integrating it with the Arabic calligraphy to revive the heritage in a contemporary style, and to create decorative design units inspired by Sadou and Arabic calligraphy and to employ them in the modern fashion designs. The applied descriptive approach has been used in this research, and the research community is made of women in Riyadh area. The tools used in this research were the questionnaire and the observation. The most important results of the research are: the design of decorative units from the integration of Arabic calligraphy and the decorations of the Saduo, and the use of these units in the design of the o
... Show MoreResearch Summary
The research revolves around the collection of pending hadiths on Abdullah bin Amr bin Al-Aas, may God be pleased with them, and it is required in these hadiths that they be among those in which there is no room for diligence, such as telling about unseen matters, signs of the Hour, or a statement of virtue and reward for obedience, or punishment for disobedience.
The research consists of an introduction, two topics, and a conclusion of the first topic in the translation of Abdullah bin Amr bin Al-Aas, and the second topic, the pending hadiths of Abdullah bin Amr bin Al-Aas, may God be pleased with them, in which there is no room for diligence in collecting and studying
At the end of this rese