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The global financial crisis and the role of war and its characterization as solutions "The objective roots and the legal possibility of the crisis in economic thought"
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في البداية اود الاشارة الى ان فهم حقيقة الازمة هو ذو جانب فني يتعلق بالجينات الوراثية لنظام يملك في احيناته قدرة عالية على تفريخ المشتقات. هذا النظام الذي يزداد عقما وتدميرا يزداد قدرة على خلق النقود الائتمانية/المشتقات، وكلما اقتربنا اكثر من فهم هذا الجانب كلما اسقطت في ايدينا تلك التوصيفات الاكاديمية الجاهزة في نقص الرقابة والاشراف، تركيز المخاطر،....الخ التي تناولتها الكتابات الشائعة في معظم طروحات اساتذة الاقتصاد والمحاسبة والمهتمين من الماليين والمصرفيين.

ان الخلط الذي يقع فيه الكثير، هو عدم التمييز بين اصدار الاسهم والسندات وبين مرحلة التحول نحو ما يسمى التسنيد التي وفر شرطها الضروري، ليس عجز ميزان المدفوعات الامريكي، فحسب، وهو مايرفضه العديد من النقوديين الذين يعزوه الى حركة الاصول الاوروبية في جزء مهم منها، وانما فك ارتباط الدولار بالذهب، والخروج عن قاعدة الذهب في 15/اب/1971 التي تضمنها خطاب الرئيس نيكسون ذي العشر نقاط، اهمها الغاء قابلية تحويل الدولار الى ذهب، طرد الذهب من المعاملات الدولية، تصفية موجودات الصندوق والبنك الدوليين من الذهب، وفرض ضريبة على الواردات الامريكية بنسبة 10%. المهم في الامر ان هذا الاجراء الصادر من اكبر دولة في العالم، والذي وفر الشرط الضروري لتحرير الدولار، وكذلك حال العملات الاخرى من اي غطاء، وبالتالي توفرت عملية اصدار النقود كأمكانية دون محددات (عدا ماتعارف عليه الفكر التقليدي من مخاوف ومحاذير)، ان تلك الامكانية ظلت كامنة حتى اوجد مناخها الملائم دهاء كيسنجر عندما قام بترتيبات رفع اسعار النفط تحت ضجيج التاميم في عدد من بلدان العالم، ودورها في رفع اسعار النفط من 6 دولارات للبرميل الى 36 دولار، التي كانت تهدف لتدوير الدولارات الجاثمة على صدر اوروبا لصالحUSA ، والتي ارتضت بها اوروبا مندهشة، وهي تستمع الى كيسنجر في اجتماعه مع وزير الخارجية الفرنسي انذاك وهو يقول، في معرض رده على سؤال الوزير الفرنسي ماانتم فاعلون..؟ (ان زمن النفط الرخيص انتهى. وانتهى معه مشروع مارشال)!!
"محمد حسنين هيكل.1985.ص427".

بأختصار يمكن تلخيص الية (ميكانزم) ما حصل بالاتي:-

  1. ان فك ارتباط الدولار بالذهب وفر امكانية الاصدار النقدي دون ان يحدها محددا كالذهب.
  2. ان رفع اسعار النفط ترافق بتوفر امكانية مواجهة ارتفاع اسعاره من قبل الدول الاوروبية
    (من خلال الفقرة 3 ادناه).
  3. تدوير الدولار الاوروبي الذي اتخذ شكل تحويلات دولارية كمدفوعات مقابل النفط المستورد الى اوروبا، من جهة، ووفر امكانات واسعة لحركة الاقراض الدولية،، وبالذات للبلدان غير النفطية التي تضررت من رفع اسعار النفط، من جهة اخرى (فهي التي أوجدت دائنين جدد، ودائنين غير مؤهلين، ودائنين موضع ثقة مهتزة. اصبحوا بين عشية وضحاها اصلاً للثقة، كالبرازيل، بيرو، اليونان، هنكاريا، شركة طيران زائير) "سيدني جيمس.1973. ص 224"
  4. تحول الدولار الاوروبي الى مايسمى بالدولار النفطي. بغض النظر عن الاثار الاقتصادية الحقيقية وارتفاع واردات البلدان النفطية وغرق البلدان غير النفطية بالمديونية....الخ.


بغض النظر عن كل ذلك دعنا  نبقى في اطار الاقتصاد النقدي. فماذا حصل؟

  1. زادت امكانية اصدار العملات وعلى رأسها الدولار الامريكي.
  2. زادت الودائع الاصلية ونمت بفعل ارتفاع اسعار النفط وبفعل تدوير الدولار الاوروبي.
  3. زادت امكانات البنوك على خلق نقود الائتمان، بطريقة لاتقل سرعة عن حجم الاصدارات النقدية، وهنا يثار سؤال مفاده، كيف تقوم البنوك بخلق نقود الائتمان /المشتقات/ التفرعات، وما هي حدودها؟ بل وماهي القاعدة التي تحكمها؟ بالتعرف على تلك الحقائق في جوانبها الفنية نستطيع ان نفهم اسباب هذه الزيادة الهائلة في المشتقات التي بلغت 60 ضعف الناتج الاجمالي العالمي حسب اخر التقديرات، واذا علمنا ان الناتج الاجمالي العالمي لا يزيد على 27 ترليون دولار فهذا يعني ان حجم المشتقات يبلغ 1620 ترليون دولار، بل، ان بعض المؤسسات المالية تتعامل بما يزيد على مائة الى ثلثمائة ضعف رأسمالها الحقيقي.

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Publication Date
Thu Aug 11 2022
Journal Name
Chemical Papers
Surface tensiometry study of the interfacial phenomena in the mixed surfactant solutions of sodium di-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate (AOT) and hexadecyl benzylammonium chloride (HDBAC)
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Wed Jun 08 2022
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The role of Digital Transformation in improving the quality of the internal Auditing improvement
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This study aimed to identify the role of digital transformation in improving the quality of the internal audit process. The researchers used the descriptive analytical approach, and the questionnaire was relied on as a study tool that was applied to the study population consisting of internal auditors working in banks listed on the Palestine Stock Exchange, and their number was (85). A checker and a comprehensive inventory method was used due to the small size of the community, where the response data of the questionnaire was analyzed and interpreted using the Statistical Packages Program (SPSS).

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Wed Feb 20 2019
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Article The problem of nuclear proliferation and its impact on the formula of strategic balance in the Middle East after the events of September 11, 2001
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The issue of nuclear proliferation is one of the most vital issues as it reflects a form of dealing in the field of international relations. Therefore, the Middle East region has taken great interest in reducing the levels of nuclear armament and acquiring nuclear power within the strategic framework of the international and regional powers. The establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East region is currently one of the most important international and regional arrangements for controlling the levels of nuclear proliferation and attempting to build a state of stability and balance. In the Middle East and the world. The importance of the research comes from the fact that it deals with an important and vital issue

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 02 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The role of environmental governance in maintaining environmental systems and achieving urban sustainability
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The solution to the problems and challenges of the twenty-first century requires the absorption of many transformations, such as demographic change, poverty reduction, the expansion of safe and clean energy without affecting the environment, as well as reducing health risks and other transitions. It also requires greater cooperation than is possible in the current global system, because both of these constraints and challenges, even if addressed locally or nationally, are because of the potential for their transnational impact, that is, their impact on the lives of people at the global level, Which is necessary to be fully addressed unless it is guided by a comprehensive global vision. This is what environmental governance provides in te

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Publication Date
Fri Apr 12 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
"The role of quality costs in reducing the cost of industrial" products
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Abstract :-

The aim of the research is to explain the role of quality costs their  importance and their classification, and to clarify the most important tools that help to reduce costs.

In order to achieve the objective of the research and test hypotheses adopted the descriptive approach, as well as the adoption of the analytical approach in the study of applied data has been relied upon in providing data on the financial and production reports of the research sample company, the data were used to study and analyze financial and productivity reports . A number of conclusions have been reached the most important being the following

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Tue May 16 2023
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The Mediating Role of Operations Management Practices on the Relationship Between the Dimensions of Manufacturing Flexibility and Competitiveness
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Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine knowing the real role and impact of manufacturing flexibility on competitiveness through operations management practices, which is to determine the role and impact of manufacturing flexibility on competitiveness directly in the General Company for the Battery Industry. On the other hand, identifying the indirect role of flexible manufacturing systems in enhancing competitiveness.   Theoretical framework: The main purpose of the theoretical framework is to identify all the dimensions and variables included in the current study, and thus form a deep scientific view of the study and its variables.   Design/methodology/approach: field coexistence, personal interviews, and classification of

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Publication Date
Thu Jun 29 2017
Journal Name
College Of Islamic Sciences
Fairness in explaining the provisions of endowments A study to clarify the provisions of endowments according to the views of the Jaafari school of thought compared to the provisions of Iraqi laws.
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In The Name of Allah Most Gracious Most Merciful

It is no secret to everyone that the endowment is an important nucleus for the prosperity of Islamic civilization, especially in the fields of education, health, economy, and defensive military actions that fall within the door of jihad, and so on. Al-Ashraf, Qom Al-Quds, Cairo, and other parts of the Islamic world. What we will see in the research.

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 12 2017
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The Sgrafitto’s technique and its impacts on the contemporary ceramic art
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The current study deals with one of the ancient and modern techniques of ceramic art, which has evolved dramatically. This technique is interested in the muddy Body and its coloring, rather than interesting in the coloring of the layer on the surface of the glass port on the ceramic object. It is classified as ceramic techniques of the single heartburn, where use many coloring oxides. As well as, the use of (Pigment), which is often made of metal compounds, or metal oxides such as iron and manganese, copper and cobalt and more others.
The first chapter includes the problem, the importance, the goal, and the boundaries of the study. In addition, focuses on determining the terms such as (Sgrafitto). The second chapter consists of two to

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Thu Dec 01 2022
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Synthesis, Characterization of Chitosan para- hydroxyl Benzaldehyde Schiff Base Linked Maleic Anhydride and the Evaluation of Its Antimicrobial Activities
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Current research included preparation, characterization of some new chitosan- hydroxy benzaldehyde-Schiff bases with maleic anhydride. The present study aimed to the synthesis and characterization of novel chitosan Schiff base compounds using para- hydroxy benzaldeh and maleic anhydride. The  derivative of the  schiff-chitosan base, which is associated with different drugs, has been replaced with   different  amino  and  hydroxy  drugs.  The derivative is characterized by different analytical techniques. The results of FT-IR studies clearly indicate construction of the chief amine group in chitosan and the emergence of new bands that correspond to the association of maleic anhydride with the chitosan base. TGA, 1

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Sun Feb 03 2019
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The Phonological and Suggestive Rhythm in the Context of the Quranic Text: The Phonological and Suggestive Rhythm in the Context of the Quranic Text
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Abstract
The perpetuity of the Quranic discourse required being suitable for all ages.
Accordingly, the method of the Glorious Quran a pre request for the conscious
investigation and realization in order to detect the core of the texts, as the Quranic
discourse is considered a general address for the humanity as a whole. For this
reason, the progress of the concerned studies neceiated that it should cope with the
current development in the age requirements and its cultural changes within ages.
The texts of the Glorious Quran lightened the human reason as being the
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