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jeasiq-1222
Analysis of relations and forces of production in extraction And pearl industry in the Arabian Gulf 1900-1950 *
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بسبب محدودية الموارد الطبيعية، فأن سكان الخليج ومنذ القدم وجهوا جلّ نشاطاتهم توجهاً بحرياً: صيد الاسماك وصناعة اللؤلؤ العنصر الرئيس في حجم التشغيل، وتكوين الفائض الاقتصادي في المنطقة آنذاك.

لقد تزايدت أهمية هذا النشاط بخاصة بعد النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر، لرواج تجارة اللؤلؤ عالمياً، وأنفتاح الخليج على الدول الاوروبية التي شهدت نهضة صناعية متسارعة، وحيث وصلت الخليج العديد من بضائعها ذات الاسعار المناسبة والنوعية الافضل.

إن عدد العاملين في صناعتهِ لم يقل عن 20-25% من مجموع العاملين في المنطقة خلال الربع الاول من القرن العشرين ويبين لنا المؤرخ J.G.Lorimer إن عدد العاملين وصل الى حوالي 90 ألف شخص من سكان قدر مجموعه بـ 300 ألف نسمة وذلك في أواسط العقد الأول من القرن العشرين. وبالأضافة الى العمل المحلي هناك وافدون من أيران والهند وباكستان مع وافدين من شرق أفريقيا، أستُقدم العديد منهم كعبيد سخرهم مالكوهم للعمل في صناعة اللؤلؤ وذلك بالرغم من محاربة السلطات البريطانية آنذاك لأعمال القرصنة وتجارة العبيد في منطقة الخليج والمحيط الهندي.

تفصح التراتيب الوظيفية في صناعة اللؤلؤ عن وجود تسع فئات مُقسمة بدقة حسب نوع العمل الذي تقوم به كل فئة. والعنصران الفاعلان في العملية الانتاجية هما:-

التاجر "الممول": يُمول العاملين بسلف تصل فائدتها الى حوالي 25% على أساس الموسم الذي يستمر بين 4-5 أشهر. وغالباً ما يستحوذ على الجزء الاعظم من الارباح بطريقة أو بأخرى..

الغواص ومساعده: يُلاحظ هنا تناقضٌ واضح، فمن ناحية هما الحلقة الاهم والاخطر في العملية الانتاجية وحيث لا يملك الغواص الا قابلياته البدنية أثناء عملية الغوص؛ ومن ناحية أخرى هما من أكثر المتضررين مادياً وأجتماعياً وصحياً بين الاطراف الاجتماعية المشاركة في هذه الصناعة.

لم تعرف هذه المهنة نظاماً للأجور، بل كانت تعمل وفق طريقة "المحاصصة" ونادراً ما كان يحصل الغواصون ومساعدوهم على ما يسدون به سلفهم وديونهم السابقة مع فوائدها المتزايدة.

    النقطة المركزية: ان العاملين عادةً ما يبقون في دين مستديم، وهذا ما يخوّل الممول حسب العرف السائد آنذاك والذي هو بمثابة قانون مُلزم من الابقاء عليهم للعمل في المواسم اللاحقة.

    لقد تراجعت صناعة اللؤلؤ منذ أوائل ثلاثينيات القرن الماضي، أثر اجتياح اللؤلؤ" الرخيص" المستزرع في اليابان ومناطق أخرى من العالم. ومن حسن حظ المنطقة ان صادف ذلك البدايات الاولى للأكتشافات النفطية حيث انتقل العديد من العاملين فيها الى الصناعة النفطية الحديثة.

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Publication Date
Mon Aug 18 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of Baghdad College Of Dentistry
Radiographic follow up for clinical cases of mandibular implant retained overdenture MIR-OD
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Background: The use of osseointegrated fixtures in dentistry has been demonstrated both histologically and clinically to be beneficial in providing long term oral rehabilitation in completely edentulous individual. Most patients suffer from denture instability; particularly with mandibular prosthesis, the use of dental implant will be benefit significantly from even a slight increase in retention. The concept of implanting two to four fixtures in a bony ridge to retain a complete denture prosthesis appealing therefore, as retention, stability and acceptable economic compromise to the expanse incurred with the multiple fixture supported fixed prosthesis. Materials and methods in this study the sample were eight patients selected from a hosp

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 01 2014
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synthesis of Some new 2-(4-Aryliminophenoxy)N-Arylacetamide Via p-hydroxy benzaldehyde.
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Chloroacetamide derivatives (2a-g) have been prepared through reaction of chloroacetyl chloride(1) (which prepared by the reaction of chloroacetic acid with thionyl chloride) with primary aromatic amines and sulfa compounds to afford compounds (2a-g) which then reacted with p-hydroxy benzaldehyde via Williamson reaction to obtaine the new compounds 2-(4-formyl phenoxy)-N-aryl acetamide (3a-g). Finally , compounds (3a-g) will be use as a good synthon to prepare the Schiff bases represented by compounds 2-(4-aryliminophenoxy)-N-arylacetamide (4a-g). through , reaction with some primary aromatic amine. All the prepared compounds were investigated by the available physical and spectroscopic methods.

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 18 2021
Journal Name
Materials Science And Engineering
Properties of engineered cementitious composite concrete (bendable concrete) produced using Portland limestone cement
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Bendable concrete, also known as Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) is a type of ultra-ductile cementitious composites reinforced with fibres to control the width of cracks. It has the ability to enhance concrete flexibility by withstanding strains of 3% and higher. The properties of bendable concrete mixes (compressive strength, flexural strength, and drying shrinkage) are here assessed after the incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials, silica fume, polymer fibres, and the use of ordinary Portland cement (O.P.C) and Portland limestone cement (IL). Mixes with Portland limestone cement show lower drying shrinkage and lower compressive and flexural strength than mixes with ordinary Portland cement, due to the ratio o

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Publication Date
Tue Nov 15 2022
Journal Name
Association Of Arab Universities Journal Of Engineering Sciences
A-mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composite concrete produced from Portland limestone cement
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Conventional concretes are almost unbending, and even a small amount of strain potential leaves them brittle. This lack of bendability is a major source of strain loss, and it has been the main goal behind the development of bendable concrete, often known with engineered ce ment composites, or ECC. This form of concrete has a lot more flexibility than regular concrete. Micromechanical polymer fibers are used to strengthen ECC. In most cases, ECC uses a 2% amount of thin, separated fibers. As a result, bendable concrete deforms but unlike traditional concrete, it does not crack. This study aims to include this kind of concrete, bendable concrete, which can be used to solve concrete problems. Karasta (CK) and Tasluja (CT) Portland Lime

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 04 2011
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Evaluation of Transfected HEP-2 Cell Line Using ß-Galactosidase Reporter Assay System
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Liposome-mediated transfection of cancer cells provide a valuable experimental technique to study cellular gene expression and may also be adapted for gene therapy studies. However, the widely recognized advantage of liposome-mediated transfection is high efficiency. Therefore, this study were performed to optimize transfection techniques in human larynx carcinoma cell line Hep-2 using the commercial synthetic lipid TransFast™ Reagent and monitoring the expression efficiency by using the pSV-?-galactosidase Control Vector which encoded ?-galactosidase, maximum transfection efficiency were achieved with TransFast™ Reagent used at the Charge ratios of 2:1 and 0.5 µg DNA/ml, this is indicate that TransFast™ Reagent can be used as an eff

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Publication Date
Mon Jan 16 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi National Journal Of Nursing Specialties
Effectiveness of an Intervention Program on Nurses’ Performance toward Neonatal Endotracheal Suctioning Procedure
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Objective(s): To evaluate nurses’ Practice toward neonatal endotracheal suctioning procedure, and to determine the effectiveness of the interventional program on nurses’ practices, as well as to find out the relationship between nurses’ practice and their demographic characteristics.

Methodology: A Pre-experimental, one group design, was carried out to achieve the objectives of the current study using the evaluation approach and the implementation of the education program for the period from January 17 to June 31, 2022. A non- probability, purposive sample of (24) nurses were selected from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Pediatric Teaching Hospital/ Medical City Department. A checklist w

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 01 2014
Journal Name
International Journal Of Advanced Research In Computer Science And Software Engineering
Medical Image Compression using Wavelet Quadrants of Polynomial Prediction Coding & Bit Plane Slicing
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Publication Date
Wed Mar 25 2020
Journal Name
International Journal Of Drug Delivery Technology
Study of Molecular Interaction for Antibiotic Drug with Sugar Solutions at Different Temperature
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The interactions of drug amoxicillin with maltose or galactose solutions with a variation of temperature have been discussed by taking in the volumetric and viscometric procedures. Physical properties [densities (ρ) and viscosities (η)] of amoxicillin (AMOX) aqueous solutions and aqueous solutions of two type saccharides (maltose and galactose 0.05m) have been measured at T = (298.15, 303.15 and 308.15) K under atmospheric pressure. The apparent molar volume (ϕv cm3mole-1) has been evaluated from density data and fitted to a Redlich-Mayer equation. The empirical parameters of the Mayer-Redlich equation and apparent molar volume at infinite dilution ذv were explicated in terms of interactions from type solute-solvent and solute

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 15 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Risk management of foreign exchange rates using financial hedging instruments: Applied Analytical Study
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Management of Foreign Exchange Rate Exposure by Using Financial Hedging An Analytical Empirical Study The main purpose of this Research is to investigate the ability to reduce the  effect  of exchange rate fluctuation on firm value , by usage appropriate hedging strategies to provide the firms force to adopted with complex and highly uncertainty conditions , characteristic of the most of the financial markets  . The field of this study is the giant five Multinational on the world. Nokia, Toyota Motor, Intel , Coca Cola, Microsoft. practical analysis is provide the truth of all study's  hypothesis , and it is reach to many of conclusion, the most important of them is  Stem from unexpected fluctuation on nominal ex

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Publication Date
Sat Jan 01 2022
Journal Name
The Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal
Augmentation of depressed nasal dorsum by diced cartilage graft wrapped with fascia lata
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BACKGROUND: Dorsal reconstruction and augmentation for a saddle nose or generalized under projecting nose (familial ) require some type of grafting that increase the volume, raise the radix , raise the entire dorsum ,camouflage the osseocartilaginous junction or any irregularity along the dorsum, diced cartilage graft wrapped with fascia lata used to achieve that . AIM OF THE STUDY : The purpose of the study was to assess the aesthetic and functional outcome of dorsal augmentation by diced cartilage graft wrapped with fascia lata. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between July 2018 and May 2019. 7 patients included ,4 females and 3 males ,their age ranged between 20 to 37 years ,5 were primary and 2 secondary case rhinoplasty,2 operated by closed appro

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