The public budget is regarded a main tool for economic and social development. The preparation of the public budget constitute an important stream which enriches the developmental efforts and the definition of its priorities, therefore it is the focus point of many specializations. The public budget has numerous functions. It is a means to precise and to execute the political and economic goals of the executive authority, a mirror of the economic structure which reflects its strength and weakness points, specifies its revenues and others. Since the parliament is the voice of the society which expresses its interests, then, it must monitor the performance of the government so that the participation of the legislative authority in the preparation of the public budget and the final account has become a traditional part of its responsibilities, therefore it encouraged the appearance of a new trend which classifies the public budget as a fourth function of the parliament in addition to its legislative, monitory and representative functions. The public budget is often prepared by the executive authority for many reasons and justifications. Through the study of the experiments of many countries on the subject, it became clear that they differ regarding the roles, effect tools and interference. It became clear; too, that some parliaments have committees specialized in the study of public budget. If we compare those experiments to the state in Iraq, we find that there is no defect within the Iraqi legal frame which specifies the role of the legislative authority in the public budget and the final account. The problem lies in the fact that the Iraqi parliament does not adopt an effective role regarding both of them. Many articles of the Iraqi 2005 Constitution, Law for Financial Management 2004 and some of the articles of the Internal Bylaw of the Iraqi parliament specify the general and timing frames for the preparation of the public budget and the final account until their approval. It is worth mentioning that the final account in Iraq did not meet the attention it worth, especially from the Iraqi parliament. Its presentation by the executive authority is usually delayed from the dead points named by laws. The investment expenditures have gained, as average, 19% of the public expenditures throughout 2006- 10, while the percentages of the achievement of the investment projects have amounted to 61%. It seems that the general rule adopted in the preparation of the public budget in Iraq throughout 2006- 10 has been a preparation of a public budget with a planned deficit turns to actual surplus.
The current research focuses on examining the isohyets in a set of (3) climatic maps of Iraq. Two of these maps were published in the Iraq Climate Atlas and the third one was published in an English source about the geography of Iraq. The first map represents the period from 1923-to-1944, the second is for the period from 1961-to-1990, whereas the third represents the period from 1971-to-2000. Comparing among these three maps, it has become clear that there are noticeable changes of rain in Iraq. In the first map, which represents the decade of the twenties, thirties and early forties, Iraq was located between two Isohyet lines (127 mm) in the far south and (1270 mm) in the far north. As for the second map, which represents the sixties,
... Show MoreHighlights This research highlights the important topic of musical topics that rarely talk about a musician, an issue of national songs which sang since the founding of the Iraqi state and until the end of the monarchy in Iraq, and wrote about just newspaper articles explaining the political situation experienced by the era of the history of Iraq and passing quickly marginally on the songs and patrons, so you see the researcher need to search for what was published around any way to see the texts of songs and melodies and rhythms and thus the possibility of evaluation, linked with the course of social and political life spiraling events at the time, so as not to miss these musical and literary, artistic and cultural features of forever a
... Show MoreThe Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on EOS/Aqua satellite provides diverse measurements of Methane (CH4) distribution at different pressure levels in the Earth's atmosphere. The focus of this research is to analyze the vertical variations of (CH4) volume mixing ratio (VMR) time-series data at four Standard pressure levels SPL (925, 850, 600, and 300 hPa) in the troposphere above six cities in Iraq from January 2003 to September 2016. The analysis results of monthly average CH4VMR time-series data show a significant increase between 2003 and 2016, especially from 2009 to 2016; the minimum values of CH4 were in 2003 while the maximum values were in 2016. The vertical distribution of CH4<
... Show MoreThe dependence of the energy losses or the stopping power for the ion contribution in D- T hot plasma fuels upon the corresponding energies and the related penetrating factorare arrive by using by a theoretical approximation models. In this work we reach a compatible agreement between our results and the corresponding experimental results.
Monetary sterilization policies are one of the modern trends of monetary policy in rentier countries, specifically to confront the positive shocks in foreign assets flowing into the national economy and the impact of these shocks on monetary and real variables. And that the Central Bank contains these emergency increases in foreign exchange with the aim of avoiding the impact of this increase on the official local currency through its three main monetary tools, which are the rediscount rate, the legal reserve, and open market operations. As well as the relationship between the central bank and the objective of external balance, which is reflected in the balance of payments balance, the central bank resorts to managing the exchange rate
... Show MorePotentially inappropriate prescribing is the prescribing of a medication that may cause more harm than benefit, the elderly population aged 65 years or older is more prone to potentially inappropriate prescribing because of alterations in their physiology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics as well as polypharmacy and comorbidities, Beers list is a screening tool that help doctors to detect potentially inappropriate prescribing in geriatric patients and is designed to solve this problem, the aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of potentially inappropriate prescribing among psychiatric patients using the Beers criteria as an assessment tool and find the relationship between duration of hospitalization, comorbidities and pol
... Show MoreThe research aims at identifying the extent to which the top management in the organization is interested in managing the talents of its employees, through which it can face the competing organizations, as well as the great challenges faced by all organizations in recent years. The task of attracting and maintaining talented human resources is one of the biggest challenges facing Organizations
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