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Alternative Perspectives in Explaining the Conduct of US Foreign Policy: A Historical-Critical View of Decision-Making Models
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Receipt date:2/17/2021 acceptance date:3/16/2021 Publishing date:12/31/2021

Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Objective: This paper investigates the contradictions in the decision-making process of the United States, which historically proven to be successful policies in the short term, but in the long term proven to be wanting and failure. Methodology: The paper uses descriptive, historical, comparative method. Also, the paper proposes four models to examine the decision-making process and how it differs in the short term and the long term. The models are: 1. Individual and rational model (Model I); 2. Organizational and groupthink model (Model II); 3. Governmental and bureaucratic model (Model III); 4. Communication and information model (Model IV). Results: the study shows that Models I and IV are among the major explanatory factors for the failure of the US decision-making process in the long term. Conclusion: the study concludes that there is contradictions in the decision-making process of the United States in the long term versus the short term, the proposed four models, previously mentioned, show that Models I and IV that could speak to such contradiction and failure in the short term. However, synthesizing all of the models is critical in understanding and explaining the conduct of the US decision-making process.

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Publication Date
Wed Aug 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
A Study on Transportation Models in Their Minimum and Maximum Values with Applications of Real Data
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The purpose of this paper is to apply different transportation models in their minimum and maximum values by finding starting basic feasible solution and finding the optimal solution. The requirements of transportation models were presented with one of their applications in the case of minimizing the objective function, which was conducted by the researcher as real data, which took place one month in 2015, in one of the poultry farms for the production of eggs

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Publication Date
Mon May 18 2026
Journal Name
Heat Transfer
A Comparative Review of Conventional Mechanical and Solar‐Driven Cooling Technologies: Performance and Environmental Perspectives
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ABSTRACT<p>Conventional cooling systems are major energy consumers in hot climates, directly contributing to increased carbon emissions and placing a significant strain on Iraq's national electricity grid. This study aims to explore and evaluate clean and sustainable alternatives to conventional systems. The methodology is based on a comparative analysis of various cooling technologies, including mechanical, absorption, adsorption, drying, and hybrid systems, using key performance indicators such as the coefficient of performance (COP), energy consumption, carbon emissions, and system cooling capacity. The results show that innovative solar cooling technologies offer superior operational effi</p> ... Show More
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Publication Date
Sat Sep 30 2023
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
Political Use of the Photograph: A Semiotic Study of the Photograph of Al-Kadhimi's Visit to Fallujah on the Anniversary of the Victory Over ISIS
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The research aims to determine what a photograph intends to convey as a visual text. Photographs are not captured randomly, especially those of politicians. Each photograph carries a message, even if interpretations of that message vary from person to person. The research adopts a methodology based on semiotic analysis, applying Laurent Gervero's model to analyze a photograph of the Iraqi Prime Minister Mustafa Al-Kadhimi's visit to Fallujah on the anniversary of the victory over ISIS. The photographs in question constitute a visual language built upon a sequence of iconic symbols and signs. These elements coalesce to give rise to an image centered around a particular theme, one designed to convey a precise messag

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Publication Date
Sat Sep 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Difficulties of scientific research in the financial and administrative fieldaccording to the quality standardsfrom the point of view of the teachers
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The research aims to identify the most important difficulties facing the scientific research in the technical university in the financial, organizational and administrative according to the quality standards according to the paragraphs studied in the questionnaire questionnaire prepared for this purpose, including the research community on the Central Technical University, which includes several technical colleges and technical institutes were selected A sample of the researchers in the Institute of Technical Management where the number of training was 78 teachers took a random sample of researchers amounted to 40% of the questionnaire, and after the collection and classification of data were used statistical means, including the mean ar

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Publication Date
Thu Nov 01 2018
Journal Name
قضايا سياسية
The Iraqi Constitution of 2005: Between Constitutional Stagnation and Political Stagnation
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Browse Iraqi academic journals and research papers

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Publication Date
Mon Aug 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Analysis of the Causal Relationship between the Financial Infrastructure and Foreign Investments in Malaysia and Indonesia 1990-2013
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Abstract\

The developed financial infrastructure is one of the most important elements for achieving stable financial system in a country. The importance of developed financial infrastructure comes from its role in create economic and financial context attractive for foreign investments. Thus, this paper aims first to measure an index of financial infrastructure, and secondly, to gauge the nexus between the developed financial infrastructure and foreign investments inflow in Malaysia and Indonesia. We estimate the index of financial infrastructure by using different indicators such as (the institutional environment, access to finance, legal environment, and others).

By using the G

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Publication Date
Wed Apr 01 2015
Journal Name
Iraqi Postgraduate Medical Journal
Can the automated pump be an alternative to tourniquet in knee arthroscopy ?
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ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Arthroscopic knee surgeries are performed in very large numbers worldwide, and in spite of relatively low complication rate, but the total number is significant. Some of these complications are due to tourniquet use and can be serious. OBJECTIVE: Is to asses if automated pump (with or without) dilute epinephrine saline irrigation can replace the tourniquet use in soft tissue arthroscopic knee surgeries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 36 patients (9 females 25 % and 27 males 75 %) were included in this prospective experimental nonrandomized study, and were necessitated soft tissue arthroscopic knee surgeries. Patients were divided into two groups, in group A (patients) tourniquet and automated pump were used. In group B (18 pati

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Publication Date
Thu Aug 01 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Public Bank Debt and Foreign reserve constraint in Iraq for the Period (2017-2004)
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Abstract

Public debt has posed a major challenge to both developing and developed countries, which has focused attention on the optimal limits (threshold of debt) and its determinants.

The study examines the effect of the Public bank debt on the foreign reserves and the work of the foreign reserve as a limitation on the process of bank debt (part of the internal debt) for the period (2017-2004), in addition to finding the type and nature of the relationship between them according to the hypotheses of the study, Public bank debt and foreign reserves.

The study was based on data from the Iraqi banking sector, which showed that Iraq has a foreign reserve in line with internat

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 23 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The Actual Use of Instructional Technology in Teaching History Subject in the Colleges of Education for Humanities from the of the College Staff Members' Perspectives and their Attitudes Towards Them
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The study aims at knowing the actual uses of instructional technology in teaching history subject in the colleges of education for humanities from the college staff members' perspectives and their attitudes towards it. The sample of the study consisted of (24) instructors from the Colleges of Education for the Humanities, the College of Basic Education- Haditha and the College of Education for Women, the study used the descriptive method, and the questionnaire was consisted of (50) items, and the psychometric properties of the instrument of the study were extracted. The researchers used the appropriate statistical means to analyze the data, and the results of the study showed the following: the teaching staff attitudes towards the use of

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Publication Date
Tue Jun 01 2021
Journal Name
Political Sciences Journal
Regionalism Hegemony of Political Life in Tunisia and its influence upon construction of Political System
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The topic area of that’s paper dealing with regionalism hegemony upon ruling affairs and political life in Tunisia, this phenomena had historical origins, even before region of French occupation in 1881, after independence, the regionalism domination was practice and normal, the political system justified it's with many causes, like level of education, connection with Western civilization, enlighten intelligent, economic conditions in coast region and North of Tunisia compared with the South, also the role of President Bourqiba as founder of Modern Tunisia, he was from Monster (North of country) which was dominated as charismatic leader dedicate the regionalism domination through decades, yet after revolution in 2011, little changes ha

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