Background: Colostomy minimizes the risk of leakage at expense of requiring a second operation. In Iraq, published on colostomy closure in penetrating abdominal wall injuries is scarce.

Objective: to Study the prognosis of colostomy closure in post-conflict patients in Iraq.

Method: This is a retrospective study of 52 patients subjected to colostomy closure, recruited for the period 2008 to 2009 from Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital and Children Central Teaching Hospital. Demographic data and information about colostomy (type, methods of preparation … etc.) were studied.

Results: Trauma was noticed in 57.7% patients. Transverse colon was the commone

: تفرض مرحلة إعادة بناء الدولة أو مرحلة بناء الدولة حالتين متقاربتين، لكن تختلف تجربة كل منهما عن األخرى، ففي الحالة األولى نعني بها أن دولة ما متكاملة المقومات سواء القانونية أو السياسية أو االقتصادية، وتمتلك هذه الدولة الشرعية القانونية واالعتراف الدولي، لكن تتعرض هذه الدولة لألزمة سواء كانت ثورة أو انقالب أو احتالل، وإلى السقوط ونهاية نظامها السياسي القانوني ومن ثم إعادة بناء الدولة ومنظومتها السياسية..

The nation-building process in fragile states is complex, often involving multifaceted challenges and opportunities. A pertinent example is Iraq post-2003, which serves as a model to study the intricacies of rebuilding a nation in the aftermath of conflict. During this period, we witnessed a significant international intervention aimed at establishing democratic governance, fostering economic development, and restoring social stability. Iraq’s nation-building journey showcases both successes and shortcomings. Establishing a representative government marked a step towards inclusivity and political participation, yet sectarian tensions persisted, hindering cohesive national identity. Economic initiatives aimed to harness Iraq's oil resou

Acquisition of metacognition has an effective and important role in educational process, so it can reduce difficulties faced by learners during theirunderstanding of the subjects.

Brown (1980) considers that it is conscious and reflective controlcarried out by the individual in his actions and cognitive responses through the use of self-regulation skills (planning, monitoring and evaluation).

The search problem raises through following question: Havestudents  ofhigh school for distinct metacognition?

Metacognition is very important  , so the effective learninginvolves planning and goalsetting, and monitoring the progress of the individual and adapted as needed, and allthese activities are metacognition i

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The concept of privatization is built on the basis of the transfer of assets and services of the public sector to the private sector this concept has appeared in the eighties of the last century whene the high oil prices took place and recession solution swept the world Which called for the freedom of the market and left the room for the private sector to take the initiatine in economic activity.         Both the IMF have   adopted this thesis in their programs of the structural adjustment in light of external and internal factors helped to Create the conditions to accept thesis that under the pretext of achieving a number of economic goals.

In Iraq in spite of

Background: The 2006-2007 Iraqi Mental Health survey (IMHS) reported surprisingly low prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse in the Iraqi population. Since then anecdotal and clinical reports have suggested that abuse of alcohol and drugs in Iraq has increased. To investigate this possibility, we conducted a survey of drug and drug abuse at youth centers in Baghdad.
Objective: To investigate this possibility, we conducted a survey of drug and drug abuse at youth centers in Baghdad.
Patients and methods: A total of 2678 persons were included in this survey with male to female ratio of 3.8:1. They were randomly selected from youth centers located in different sectors in Baghdad (Sader city, Al-Rusafa side and Al-Karkh side). Composite

This research focuses on the field of theatrical production, and focuses on the semantic displacement of the sign in the visual formation of the theater show, so the research has been entitled: "The semantic displacement of the sign and the visual formation of the postmodern theater ". Its importance is to illustrate the aesthetics produced by the semantic displacement of the theatrical sign and it is specialized in postmodern theater. The purpose of the research can be delimited to revealing the aesthetic work of the semantic displacement of the sign and the visual formation in the postmodern theatre.   The study temporal boundary is 2017 and the capital of Baghdad is its spatial boundaries. The research sample was "Striptease

China and India are considered both rising countries, and both are among the world's most populous and fastest growing economies. The long-term growth of both China and India has reinforced the importance of their bilateral relationship. The relations between China and India are complex, as relations between them have undergone great changes during the past seven decades, ranging from friendship to hostility. This study proceeds from the hypothesis that the nature and path of Sino-Indian relations after 2013 are affected by several factors and variables, some of which represent opportunities, others represent challenges and obstacles. Several opportunities have contributed to the reformulation of bilateral relations in terms of mutual ga

Iraq has the distinction of being a great potential of non-renewable natural resources,
especially crude oil and natural gas. Since the discovery of crude oil at the beginning of the
twentieth century in Iraq. Although the different of investment types, it contributed to the oil
sector in the provision of financial resources to the state treasury , since that date until the
present time.
Search has been marked by division ((The foreign investment in the oil sector in Iraq after
2003)) into three sections. The first section included a brief history of the development of
Iraq's oil potential in terms of oil reserves, and oil fields, and the quantities of production and
export. The second section reviewed the investm