During the 1970s, communicative view of language teaching began to be incorporated into syllabus design. The central question for the proponents of this view was: what does the learner want/need to do with the target language? This lead to the emergence of a teaching method (or approach) called communicative language teaching (CLT) during the late 1970s and early 1980s focusing on the functions that must be incorporated into a classroom. According to Brown (2001:43) CLT is a unified but broadly based, theoretically well informed set of tenets about the nature of language and of language learning and teaching. Harmer (2001:84) states that the communicative approach is the name which was given to a set of beliefs which included not only a re-examination of what aspects of language to teach, but also a shift in emphasis in how to teach. The "what to teach" aspect of the CLT stressed the significance of language functions rather than
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focusing solely on grammar and vocabulary. The "how to teach" aspect of the CLT is closely related to the idea that language learning will take care of itself, and that plentiful exposure to language in use and plenty of opportunities to use it are vitally important for a student's development of knowledge and skill.
In this paper, we investigate the behavior of the bayes estimators, for the scale parameter of the Gompertz distribution under two different loss functions such as, the squared error loss function, the exponential loss function (proposed), based different double prior distributions represented as erlang with inverse levy prior, erlang with non-informative prior, inverse levy with non-informative prior and erlang with chi-square prior.
The simulation method was fulfilled to obtain the results, including the estimated values and the mean square error (MSE) for the scale parameter of the Gompertz distribution, for different cases for the scale parameter of the Gompertz distr
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The new sustainable development goals set by the UN include a goal of making cities inclusive, safe, sustainable, and resilient. Cities are growing at huge rates, and conditions of deteriorating QOL̛s are increasing in the form of poor access to services, and slums are remarkable, especially in the cities of the Middle East; hence, the research problem can arise from a lack of knowledge regarding the in determination of a way to assess the resilience of cities to develop mechanisms that will improve the quality of urban life. In this study, a tool called CRF has been applied for the assessment of the city's resilience principles of health and quality of life, economics and social, infrastructure and environmental systems, and the principle
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Tobacco products of all kinds are harmful to public health, so legislation has paid great attention to regulating the process of tobacco production and distribution, whether at the level of national or international legislation, in a way that achieves legal protection for these products, so the establishment of civil liability for tobacco companies as a result of harm to the smoker The positive and the negative provoked a jurisprudential dispute due to the specificity of the work of these companies, and the jurisprudence differed in the legal nature of tobacco companies ’liability between contractual and tort liability in a way that enables the injured smoker to obtain his right to compensation.
Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic’s development has presented significant societal and economic challenges. The carriers of COVID-19 transmission have also been identified as asymptomatic infected people. Yet, most epidemic models do not consider their impact when accounting for the disease’s indirect transmission. This study suggested and investigated a mathematical model replicating the spread of coronavirus disease among asymptomatic infected people. A study was conducted on every aspect of the system’s solution. The equilibrium points and the basic reproduction number were computed. The endemic equilibrium point and the disease-free equilibrium point had both undergone local stability analyses. A geometric technique was used
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Abstract 20 patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joint were treated by electrical stimulation in the form of 6 sessions every other day each sessions of diphase fixe (DF) for 4 minutes followed by rest for 4 minutes then treated with a monophase fixe (MF) for 2 minutes. By clinical & statistical analysis ( P value < 0.05) we conclude that the electrical stimulation is effective as one method in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on education models was mainly through the expansion of technology use in the different educational programs. Earlier impact of COVID-19 was manifested in the complete and sudden transition to distance education regardless of institution preparedness status. Gradually, many institutions are moving back to on-campus face-to-face education. However, others including all higher education institutions in Iraq are adopting the hybrid education model. This report presents part of the end of semester evaluation survey conducted at the University of Baghdad College of Pharmacy for the Spring 2021 semester. The survey aims to address points of strength and weakness associated with the hybrid education model and spe
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Abstract
The purpose of the present paper is to light on the relationship between jobs design, analysis and its reflections on reinforcing workers' vocational adjustment. The present paper aims to accomplish cognitive and applied goals, top of which, test of functional analysis ability to have effect upon workers' vocational adjustment via job design directly and indirectly owning to the virtual factor practiced by these practices on the sought organization. The problem of the present paper comes with many, the most important is the of how to bolster and back up worker's technical adjustment through good and accurate design for the job.
Based on this problem and goals as to expla
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