عرف العرب ، منذ القدم ، الأحجار الكريمة وعنوا بإقتناء أنواعا عديدة منها ، حيث كانت من أهم واردات سكان بلاد وادي الرافدين من السومريين والبابليين ثم الآشوريين ، كما عرفها المصريون القدماء وغيرهم من الشعوب القديمة ، فوجدت في قبورهم ومدافنهم وخزائن كنوزهم، مثل الياقوت الأحمر واللازورد واللؤلؤ . بالإضافة إلى ذلك فقد كان معدني الذهب والفضة من المعادن الوفيرة في هذه البلاد ، ولها الأولوية في صناعة الحلي.

           It was the sayings of Andalusia scholars in agriculture based on experiments and theories that helped a lot in the success and development of agriculture in the Andalusia ,and also The divisions of the soil and out types and forms it helped a lot of to know arable of non-arable land earth and all off the determination of the color of repentance is important often discovered by agricultural scientists and that helped in the cultivation of certain crops in certain land without another land.and though each particular agricultural crops specific soil in which to live and not live in other soil

            High-intensity laser-produced plasma has been extensively investigated in many studies. In this demonstration, a new spectral range was observed in the resulted spectra from the laser-plasma interaction, which opens up new discussions for new light source generation. Moreover, the characterizations of plasma have been improved through the interaction process of laser-plasma. Three types of laser were incorporated in the measurements, continuous-wave CW He-Ne laser, CW diode green laser, pulse Nd: YAG laser. As the plasma system, DC glow discharge plasma under the vacuum chamber was considered in this research. The plasma spectral peaks were evaluated, where they refer to Nitrogen gas. The results indicated that the

The experiment was conducted in Baghdad for study effect using mold board and disc plows as main factor , and second factor was three speeds 1.85 , 3.75 and 5.62 km / hr , and sub-second factor was three levels of soil moisture 21,18 and 14 % to determined data fuel consumption and economy costs machine unit in silt clay loam with depth 22cm. The experiment was a split – split plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications and statistical analysis using Least Significant Design 0.05 was used to compare the means of treatments. Mold board recorded least fuel consumption and cast fixed and variable and management and total costs of tractor and plow costs and total cost. Increasing forward speeds of the t

Problem of water scarcity is becoming common in many parts of the world.  Thus to overcome this problem proper management of water and an efficient irrigation systems are needed.  Irrigation with buried vertical ceramic pipe is known as a very effective in management of irrigation water.  The two- dimensional transient flow of water from a buried vertical ceramic pipe through homogenous porous media is simulated numerically using the software HYDRUS/2D to predict empirical formulas that describe the predicted results accurately.   Different values of pipe lengths and hydraulic conductivity were selected.  In addition, different values of initial volumetric soil water content were assumed in this simulation a

The problem of research is the need to find out the obstacles and difficulties facing women in accessing leadership positions at the University of Baghdad from their point of view. The importance of research comes from the importance of women in the university and their vital role in the development of society. The research objectives summarized the most important obstacles facing women Access to the leadership positions in the university and the relative weight of these obstacles as well as trying to identify differences in their view of these obstacles according to the variables of specialization (scientific, human) and the scientific title (Professor, Assistant Professor, Teacher, Assistant Lecturer). They were (144) university female

كثيرة هي البحوث والدراسات التي نراجعها في السلوك التنظيمي، بحكم عملنا كأستاذ دراسات عليا بتخصص ادارة الموارد البشرية ونظرية المنظمة، ووقع بيننا بحثاً نظرياً متميزاً للباحثين
(Karin Sanders & Birgit Schyns)⁽[1]⁾، نشر في مجلة اصيلة هي (Personnel Review)، في عام (2006)، بمجلدها (35) وبالعدد (5)، تحت عنوان (Trust, Conflict and Cooperative Beha

Mit dem Fall der Berliner Mauer am 9. November 1989 und dem damit
einhergehenden Verschwinden der DDR aus der politischen Bühne im Jahre 1990
„haben sich nicht nur politische Systeme umgewälzt, sondern auch die Menschen
in ihnen haben ihre Maßstäbe und Perspektiven geändert, unter ihnen Kunstrichter
und Leser.“1 Alles, was bis zum Tag der Wiedervereinigung im Bereich der Kultur
galt, fiel über den Haufen.2 Christa Wolf, die in der DDR eine Leitfigur des
öffentlichen und kulturellen Lebens war und an der Spitze der einflussreichen
Schriftsteller stand, landete im vereinigten Deutschland „immerhin noch auf Platz
25, ein erstaunliches Resultat nach all den Vorwürfen“3, die gegen ihr Werk und
ihre m

This research deals with the effect of constructive conflict of the organizational identification .These relatively recent subjects have relative importance in the field of administration and they have strong effect in the success of organizations .The objective of this research is to detect the level of the constructive conflict and the organizational identification in the center of The Ministry of Planning. So, two major hypotheses were formulated The first are searched the correlation between the constructive conflict and the organizational identification and it emerged with four sub-hypotheses searched the correlation among every dimension of the constructive conflict with the organizational identification .The second major h

The aim of this scientific paper is to highlight the effective role of women working in economic development, especially those working in the entrepreneurial sector, which we see as encouraging at the macro-economic level and at the personal level, by highlighting their potential to help them enter the private labour market, value them and empower their role in the economic arena in order to win this bet to become productive and effective workers at all levels.

Through this paper, we will try to highlight the role of Algerian women's contribution to economic development through access to the world of entrepreneurship, and we will also try to find statistics on their success levels at the local and interna