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L’imaginaire de l’épidémie dans La Peste d’Albert Camus et Le Choléra de Nazik al-Malaika The Imagination of Epidemic in Alber Kamo's Novel " Plague" and Nazik Al-Malaekah's poem "Cholera"
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The present study deals with the story of Epidemic in two literary works issued in the same year (1947). One of them is a novel titled "Plague" written by the French writer Alber Kamo, the second is a poem of the Iraqi poetess Nazik Al-Malaekah. The research reflects a contrastive study of the war vision in the two works as both writers used science to serve literature by using Epidemic as a metaphor to refer to the dangers that the societies faced.

The problem of the present research lies in answering the question about the reason that makes the two writers use metaphor while narrating the issues of the society instead of mentioning them directly and illuminate what implications do the narrative style of Epidemic story have and the story of war does not have?

The research consists of three main chapters. The first chapter studies the narrative aspects of the two works clarifying the characteristic of narration in the story of Epidemic. The second chapter deals with the image of war and its meanings in the two works while chapter number three deals with the two writers' premonition about the danger that threatened humanity which was considered more than being a mere Epidemic.

The results of the research show that using metaphor to refer to the war and the bad conditions in the society comes from the view that the epidemic (whether Plague or Cholera) is a kind of disease that we can not put an end to completely as it goes through sabbatical periods and then reactivates upon the availability of the factors that help to spread it. At that time, the condition of society is threatened by instability. The plague which was spread in Wahran –a city in Algeria and which Kamo narrates its details is a metaphor about the second world war and the Germanic's occupation to France as there are clear hints about this in the text, While, Nazik               Al-Malaekah mentions death that came as a result of the widespread of Cholera in Egypt. She mentiones in her memories that she heard that the number of the dead people increased from six hundreds to one thousand, a matter which makes her write this poem. In fact, this news was a stimulus for her to express the Iraqi condition particularly and the Arab Homeland generally as well as to express the persecutions, oppressions and murders that they suffer from "death is what humanity complains from" as the poet explains.

Choosing epidemic as a frame and a narrative material to talk about an era in which the political and social conditions suffered from instability is a means to express. Thus , disease and here epidemic has numbers of historical, scientific and paranormal implications which can really reflect the status of the society. Epidemic is not only a disease that infects an individual or group of people but it is an uncontrolled, fast-spreading danger whose treatment tends to be impossible a matter which makes AL-Malaekah consider death a remedy from this epidemic. Thus, it is an extreme case of disability and horror which the epidemic causes. The two writers call for choosing such images to talk about the miseries that affect the humanity. Historically, epidemic registered numbers of stories that reflects the disasters that affects the humanity. Kamo mentions and numerates the plagues and its victims through different periods. Thus, epidemic is an inclusive case of expression.

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 01 2026
Journal Name
Chinese Journal Of Analytical Chemistry
Synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the antioxidant and anticancer activities of metal ion complexes with a novel 7-(3-hydroxyphenylazo)-quinolin-8-ol ligand
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A novel azo dye was prepared by reacting the diazonium salt of 3-aminophenol with 8-hydroxyquinoline and subsequently used to prepare a series of Ni+2, Pd+2, Pt+4, and Cu+2 complexes. The ligand structure was characterized via1H-and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The as-synthesized materials were characterized via Fourier-transform infrared, ultraviolet‒visible, and mass spectroscopy, as well as thermo gravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and elemental analysis. Conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, and the metal and chloride contents of the complexes were also determined. The ligand exhibited a trigonal geometry, whereas the Cu+2, Pd+2, Pt+4, and Ni+2 complexesexhibited tetrahedral, square planar, octahedral, and

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Sun Jun 05 2016
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A novel online coupling of ion selective electrode with the flow injection system for the determination of vitamin B1
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A simple, fast, selective of a new flow injection analysis method coupled with potentiometric detection was used to determine vitamin B1 in pharmaceutical formulations via the prepared new selective membranes. Two electrodes were constructed for the determination of vitamin B1 based on the ion-pair vitamin B1-phosphotungestic acid (B1-PTA) in a poly (vinyl chloride) supported with a plasticized di-butyl phthalate (DBPH) and di-butyl phosphate (DBP). Applications of these ion selective electrodes for the determination of vitamin B1 in the pharmaceutical preparations for batch and flow injection systems were described. The ion selective membrane exhibited a near-Nernstian slope values 56.88 and 58.53 mV / decade, with the linear dy

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Publication Date
Tue Jan 06 2009
Journal Name
مجلة ديالى للعلوم الانسانية
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Bidentate Ligand type NO and Its Complexes with (CoII , NiII ,CuII and ZnII)
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Tue Apr 01 2014
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Comparison of the structural motifs and packing arrangements of six novel derivatives and one polymorph of 2-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine
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The crystal structures of a new polymorph and seven new derivatives of 2-(1-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine have been characterized and examined along with three structures from the literature to identify trends in their intermolecular contact patterns and packing arrangements in order to develop an insight into the crystallization behaviour of this class of compound. Seven unique C-H...X contacts were identified in the structures and three of these are present in four or more structures, indicating that these are reliable supramolecular synthons. Analysis of the packing arrangements of the molecules using XPac identified two closely related supramolecular constructs that are present in eight of the 11 structures; in all cases, the st

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Publication Date
Sat Sep 28 2024
Journal Name
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A novel method for the degradation of human blood clot by immobilised bromelain using multi-walled carbon nanotube and polyphenol oxidase
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Pathological blood clot in blood vessels, which often leads to cardiovascular diseases, are one of the most common causes of death in humans. Therefore, enzymatic therapy to degrade blood clots is vital. To achieve this goal, bromelain was immobilized and used for the biodegradation of blood clots. Bromelain was extracted from the pineapple fruit pulp (Ananas comosus) and purified by ion exchange chromatography after precipitation with ammonium sulphate (0-80 %), resulting in a yield of 70%, purification fold of 1.42, and a specific activity of 1175 U/mg. Bromelain was covalently immobilized on functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), with an enzyme loading of 71.35%. The results of the characterization of free and immobilized

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Publication Date
Sat Jun 01 2013
Journal Name
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     Each language in the world has its special methods in using articles that connected with nouns. There are languages do not have articles and others their articles from one class, that is to say it do not have masculine and feminine such as our Arabic language. Also in some languages the nouns come after article.

The main aim in our research is to analyze the usage of these articles and its presence or not in the structure of sentence for the learners of Spanish language as a foreign language.

    The usage of these articles in Spanish language forms one of the problems that face students in the grammar of Spanish language, at the same time it stands as a problem in translation becau

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Publication Date
Sun Jun 30 2013
Journal Name
International Journal For Sciences And Technology
Synthesis and anti-bacterial study of novel compounds with bis (four-, five-, and seven-membered) heterocyclic rings
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New twin compounds having four-, five-, and seven- membered heterocyclic rings were synthesized via Schiff bases (1a,b) which were obtained by the condensation of o-tolidine with two moles of 4- N,N-dimethyl benzaldehyde or 4- chloro benzaldehyde. The reaction of these Schiff bases with two moles of phenyl isothiocyanate, phenyl isocyanate or naphthyl isocyanate as in scheme(1) led to the formation of bis -1,3- diazetidin- 2- thion and bis -1,3- diazetidin -2-one derivatives (2-4 a,b). While in scheme (2) bis imidazolidin-4-one (5a,b) ,bistetrazole (6a,b) and bis thiazolidin-4-one (7a,b) derivatives were produced by reacting the mentioned Schiff bases(1a,b)with two moles of glycine, sodium azide or thioglycolic acid, respectively. The new b

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Wed Jun 01 2022
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Applied Energy
Novel mathematical modeling, performance analysis, and design charts for the typical hybrid photovoltaic/phase-change material (PV/PCM) system
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Wed Jun 01 2022
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Novel mathematical modeling, performance analysis, and design charts for the typical hybrid photovoltaic/phase-change material (PV/PCM) system
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Publication Date
Thu Apr 03 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of The American Oil Chemists' Society
A novel deep eutectic solvent‐based liquid membrane for the extraction of glycerol from crude biodiesel
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Abstract<p>This study used deep eutectic solvent (DES) as the liquid membrane in a bulk liquid membrane system (BLM) to remove glycerol from waste cooking oil‐based biodiesel. The DES was prepared from choline chloride and tetraethylene glycol at a molar ratio of 1:5. Diethyl ether was employed as a novel strip phase for the glycerol in BLM. The effects of the DES: biodiesel ratio, stirring speed, and extraction time on the extraction and stripping efficiencies were investigated. The results showed that BLM could give better glycerol removal from biodiesel than mechanical shaking. Increasing the DES: biodiesel ratio, stirring speed, and extraction time can enhance glycerol removal from the feed phase, achievi</p> ... Show More
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