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Osmanlı Edebiyatında Karagöz Qara Quz (Shadow Puppetry) in the Ottoman Literature
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ÖNSÖZ

 

Karagöz , tarihin derinliklerinden düşünülmüş bir hayal oyunu’dur . Beyazperde üzerine , birtakım tasvirlerin gölgelerini yansıtmak suretiyle gösterilentemaşa çeşididir. Meddahlık ile orta oyunu’na yakınlığı ve aşağı yukarı aynıteatral unsurları , komik temaları kullanması dolayısı ile karagöz’de sözlü tiyatrogeleneklerisayabiliriz . Nitekim bu hayal oyunu’nun perde arkasına yerleşerekhüner gösteren bir tek aktörüvardır . Bu aktörün oyun için kullandığı malzemeperde , şema (mum) ve tasvirler’dir. Altı yüzyıldır canlı kalan karagöz , dünyanın eneski en zengin ve en güzel halktiyatrolarındandır. Türk toplumunun yüzyıllarönceki durumuyla bugün arasında bağ kuran birköprü gibidir. Yüzyıllarca canlıkalmayı başarabilen ve Batı’nın da ilgisini çeken Türk gölge oyunu ,Türktoplumunun özelliklerini yansıtan en önemli sanat dallarındandır . Çünkü buoyunlar ,Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun geniş sınırları içinde birbiriyle hoşgörüiçinde yaşamış çeşitli din ve milliyetteki insanların ilişkilerini yansıtır. Küçüktenbüyüğe herkesehitap edebilen karagöz oyunlarında söylenen şarkılar,gösterilen danslar ve şiirler çocuklara vebüyüklere güzel ve eğitici anlar yaşatır .Hem memleket kültürüne , hem de ma’şeri ruhiyata  birhizmette bulunmakgayesiyle , Türk folklorunun en şayanı dikkat mahsullerinden biri olankaragöz’dür. Folklor usulleriyle karagöz adını verilen bu halk an’anesinin tarihitekamülünün ,toplumsal hadiselerle olan munasebetini belirtmek mecburiyetiile bu araştırmayı ele aldım . İlkönce gölge oyununa göz atıktan sonra karagözü belritmekiçin genel bilgilerle açıkladım ondansonra İstanbul'da süleymaniyye kütüphanesinde bulduğumhayalı memduhun hikayelerindenkaragözün aşçılığı örnek olarak ele aldım ve bunu Osmanlıcadan yeni Türkçeye çevirdim.Sonun’dabu araştırmanın faydasını tümokuyuculara dilerim .

Abstract

Qara Joz Art is considered as one of the most distinguished popular, folkloric, traditional Turkish arts. The Egyptians and some Arabs pronounce Qara Joz as (Aragoz), the Iraqi people call it Qara Qoz, which is one of the oldest popular drama arts for children in the history of the Turkish culture. Irrespective of the continued disagreement as regards the origin and springhead of this classic popular art, the question is: has this art come from Egypt at the hands of Sultan Saleem 1 in a campaign in the East as this art did exist in the Mamluke era in Egypt. Saleem saw this art and then took one of the actors with him to Istanbul for the purpose of amusing his son who later on became a Sultan after him and was known as Sultan Saleem, the Great, or has this art originated from the Turkish Anadol or did it come from Middle Asia to Turkey. Researchers agree unanimously on the fact that the Shadow Puppetry originated from the Far East and then came to many countries in the world.  

   It seems difficult to determine the country where this art originated. Some studies indicate that this art originated in China, but there is another citation that the term "Shadow Puppetry" was mentioned in an old Indian text and a third citation states that the "Shadow Puppetry" probably came to us from Al-Magool country and then passed on to the neighboring countries, especially Japan and Java islands. It is likely that the "Shadow Puppetry" passed on to the Arab countries from Java and was transferred by Islamic merchants. 

    Some studies indicate that the "Shadow Puppetry" passed on from the Chinese to the Magool and from them to the Turk. Turks of the middle Asia used to name this kind of art as (Qaroojak) as it largely depends on puppets that move by using the hand and strings that are tied to the puppets behind a white curtain lightened from behind. Turkmens in Iraq still name the puppet as Qaroojak and historians confirm that the Shadow Puppetry was in every region    where the Turks came to through their successive immigrations. The thing that is confirmed is that the popular art in Turkey goes back to the Middle Ages and is believed that it started in the 16th century (AD) at the time of Sultan Sulaiman 11 who was entitled as Alqanoy. This art that spread in the Ottoman State in the middle ages began first at the palaces of rulers and aristocratic class the purpose of which was to amuse and please the rich. This art was called in olden times as the Shadow Puppetry because it is an art that depends on the shadow arising from the movement of the figures and allegories of the tale and emerge as a result of a light shed on a white curtain background.  This humorous art is widely and equally accepted today by young and old people. It represents one of the branches of the child theatre. It is also regarded as one of the folkloric and beautiful traditions that is shown to the people on religious and social occasions, especially during the blessed month of Ramadhan.   

   Qara Joz is the absolute naming of a historical, humorous, sarcastic black-eyed Turkish personality who expresses the person who had been exposed to punishment by one of the Sultans, namely Sultan Orkhan as a result of his failure to accomplish the building of a mosque in the Turkish city of Bursa in time in the 14th century (AD). He was an illiterate man who used to use the popular dialect and did not understand any of the foreign words and expressions. He also used to pretend that he did not understand any of the common expressions and this made him give synonymous expressions that signal other meanings to arouse laughter.

The name of Haji Wat which is usually connected with Qara Joz in the child theatre art and popular humorous culture is a person who was quite different from his companion Qara Joz. He was an educated person who had simple knowledge in mathematics, economics and grammar in addition to literature.   

He was an opportunist who used to safeguard his personal interest first and behaved according to situations and circumstances. He was the companion of Qara Joz in the above-mentioned historical event concerning their failure to comply with the date of finishing the building of a mosque as there had been a sarcastic dialogue between workers who had been building a mosque in Bursa city which was the capital of the Ottoman state at that time. Sultan Orkhan cut off the heads of Qara Joz and Haji Wat because of the delay in the execution of building the mosque and because they spent their time pelting one another with jokes.

    As to how this event has taken its way to become a sarcastic dramatic art, historians say that a man by the name of Sheikh Koshteri is the one who reported the workers' tale to the people. He also photographed the event in the presence of the Ottoman Sultan. We can see that the two form bilateral companions that can never be separated in the different situations between joking and crying (melodrama). This is the reason that has made it up-to-date a precious and abundant matter from which popular tales can be prepared and displayed to the children on occasions, in schools, in charity endowment houses and cultural centers for the purpose of guiding the children towards discipline and obedience in school and at home as well as respecting older people. It is also regarded as one of the branches of the popular Turkish literature.   

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Publication Date
Mon Mar 25 2019
Journal Name
Al-academy
Working of the Secondary Event Structure in Embodying the Film Unity: ماهر مجيد ابراهيم - شروق مالك
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The topic of the working of the secondary event structure in the embodiment of the film unity is related to the ability to produce a film of controlled events that strengthen each other. The researchers divided the subject topic into an introduction and two sections, as follows: The first section is the event and the action in drama construction wherein the relationship of the dramatic act with the events in general and the secondary event in particular were studied as it has a relationship in a synergistic building of the film unity.

The second section was the patterns of the secondary event in the film wherein the researchers dealt with the patterns, types and functions

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 15 2019
Journal Name
Al-academy
The Effectiveness of the Virtual Design Environment in Digital Advertising: بتول راضي كاظم-ابراهيم حمدان سبتي
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   Advertising design is one of the arts of communication of various levels and one of the aspects of the fields of design arts, and that the construction of the design environment in the advertising is one of the important entry points in making the recipient feel this environment and feel as if being one of its elements. It is an entrance worthy of study and research and is a problem worth raising according to the following question: - What is the effectiveness achieved in the virtual design environment for digital advertising? The two  researchers dealt with the research in three frameworks, the methodological framework which identified (the problem of research, its importance, purpose, limits, and the definition of ter

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Publication Date
Mon Jun 01 2015
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Languages (jcl)
Das literarische Bild und die sprachliche Struktur der Sprichwörter bei der gegenseitigen Übersetzung im Deutschen und Arabischen The literary image in the translation of the German and Arabic proverbs
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Vorwort:

                              Die Übersetzung gilt in der Vergangenheit als Brücke zwischen  verschiedenen Gesellschaften. Sie spielt eine große Rolle im Bereich Kulturaustausch der Länder. Die Araber haben das früh betrachtet, und die Übersetzung als Wissenschaft wird eine der wichtigsten Lehren. Viele griechische Wissenschaften waren durch Übersetzung in den arabischen Ländern bekannt.

In dieser Forschung findet man einen Überblick über die Wichtigkeit der Sprichwörterübersetzung und welche Rolle spielt diese Übersetzung im Z

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 30 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The Degree of Availability of Moral Values in the Arabic Language Textbook (Al-Mu’nes) For Grades Eleven and Twelve For Post-Basic Education in The Sultanate of Oman
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          The current study aimed to reveal the moral values available in the Arabic language textbook (Al-Mu’nes) for   grades eleven and twelve for post-basic education in the Sultanate of Oman. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach using the sentence as measuring unit in the analysis process. The five fields of moral values and their subcategories values represented the categories of the analysis. Iterations of values and the percentages of iteration were calculated in those textbooks. Moreover and the analysis and stability of the process were confirmed.

         After referring to previous studies, it was possible to de

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Publication Date
Tue Oct 01 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The Role of Organizational Flexibility in Achieving Organizational Prosperity: Field Research in a Sample of Iraqi Cellular Communications Companies
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            This research amid to measure the impact of organizational flexibility (structural flexibility, operational flexibility, and strategic flexibility) in achieving organizational prosperity and its dimensions (strategic agility, intellectual capital, innovation and sustainable competitive advantage) in a number of Iraqi cellular communications companies. The research adopted descriptive analytical approach. A sample of (85) persons from the research community was selected, which included (Department managers, Directors administrative units, Communication engineers), to answer the questionnaire prepared for this purpose. And to analyze data and derive results. Statist

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Publication Date
Sun Oct 01 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Influence of the basic elements of knowledge management in strategic performance/filed research sample of private banks in Baghdad
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objective  the research to diagnosis and interpretation of the nature of the effect between the  basic elements of knowledge management (tecgnology , structure , culture , process , human resource ) and the strategic performance of the Iraqi private banks, the research community and the level dimensions, and I've tested this research in the private banking sector represented by (7), especially in Baghdad, Iraqi banks, and applied research on sample consisting of 100 distributors in several administrative levels Director (Director, Director of the department, branch manager), and use the researcher questionnaire Head to collect data and information tool, and some private banks annual reports, has sought research to test

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 01 2009
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The global financial crisis and the role of war and its characterization as solutions "The objective roots and the legal possibility of the crisis in economic thought"
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في البداية اود الاشارة الى ان فهم حقيقة الازمة هو ذو جانب فني يتعلق بالجينات الوراثية لنظام يملك في احيناته قدرة عالية على تفريخ المشتقات. هذا النظام الذي يزداد عقما وتدميرا يزداد قدرة على خلق النقود الائتمانية/المشتقات، وكلما اقتربنا اكثر من فهم هذا الجانب كلما اسقطت في ايدينا تلك التوصيفات الاكاديمية الجاهزة في نقص الرقابة والاشراف، تركيز المخاطر،....الخ التي تناولتها الكتابات الشائعة في معظم طروحات

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The role of knowledge management processes in Creative marketing
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The research aims to measure the impact of knowledge management processes individually and in total in the innovative marketing.

We depart search of a problem expressed in a number of intellectual and practical questions, the application of this research in the General Company for Vegetable Oil Industry, represented composed a sample of (63) (Director General and Deputy Director General and Director of the Department and the Division) in the company researched, it has been designed measuring instrument to collect the necessary data either statistical means they are the percentage and the arithmetic mean and standard deviation and coefficient of variation and the coefficient of simple correlation and model

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Publication Date
Fri Nov 11 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The role of auditing in analyzing the relationship between the governance of investment policy and the cost of debt and its reflection on the continuity of the institution: (بحث تطبيقي في عينة من الشركات المدرجة في سوق العراق للأوراق المالية)
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The research aims to determine the effectiveness of auditing in light of the relationship between the governance of investment policy and the cost of debt in companies listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange. The problem of the research is to raise the question about the effect of the governance of investment policy and the cost of debt on the effectiveness of auditing and auditors. During the research, the most important of them were: the existence of an impact relationship on the effectiveness of auditing through the relationship between the governance of investment policy and the cost of debt. The companies listed in the Iraqi Stock Exchange lack an effective proposed guide or framework dealing with the governance of investment policy desp

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Publication Date
Thu Feb 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Equity financing within the framework the signal theory and its reflection on prices of stocks avarege: an empirical study in the Iraq stock exchange
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 Since there is no market for bond issuance by companies in the Iraqi market and the difficulty of borrowing, companies must resort to proprietary financing to finance their investments. However, in the framework of the literature of financial management, the type of financing used by the company sends signals to investors and therefore reflected on the market value. Therefore, the problem of the study revolves around the variables of the study (Equity financing within the framework the signal theory, price of common stock in the Iraqi market).     

The study aims to verify the impact of the capital increase through the issuance of new stock on the price of

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