The state's finances consist of a set of rights that have a material value. Since the debtor's failure to pay is conceivable, it is reasonable to assume that the State is in constant need of funds to manage its various activities. The state, but what distinguishes it from others in this case is its ability to fulfill the will of the individual without the need to resort to the judiciary to collect the debt.

Laser beam has been widely used to improve the mechanical properties of the metals. It used for cutting, drilling, hardening, welding……etc. The use of Laser beam has many features in accuracy and speeding in work, also in the treatment of metals locally, and in the places that is hard to reach by traditional ways. In this research a surface treatment was done to medium carbon steel (0.4%C) which is common kind of steel that is used in industry. Pulsing Neodymium -YAG Laser has been used and 1.06 micrometer wave length and 5 msec and the distance is about 30 centimeter between the exit area of the Laser beam from the system and the piece that treated . We are going to check the fatigue resistance for samples that is

In this paper, an experimental study has been conducted regarding the indication of resonance in chaotic semiconductor laser.  Resonant perturbations are effective for harnessing nonlinear oscillators for various applications such as inducing chaos and controlling chaos. Interesting results have been obtained regarding to the effect of the   chaotic resonance by adding the frequency on the systems. The frequency changes nonlinear dynamical system through a critical value, there is a transition from a periodic attractor to a strange attractor. The amplitude has a very relevant impact on the system, resulting in an optimal resonance response for appropriate values related to correlation time. The chaotic system becomes regular under

In this paper we present the theoretical foundation of forward error analysis of numerical algorithms under;• Approximations in "built-in" functions.• Rounding errors in arithmetic floating-point operations.• Perturbations of data.The error analysis is based on linearization method. The fundamental tools of the forward error analysis are system of linear absolute and relative a prior and a posteriori error equations and associated condition numbers constituting optimal of possible cumulative round – off errors. The condition numbers enable simple general, quantitative bounds definitions of numerical stability. The theoretical results have been applied a Gaussian elimination, and have proved to be very effective means of both a prior

In this work, porous Silicon structures are formed with photochemical etching process of n-type Silicon(111) wafers of resistivity (0.02.cm) in hydrofluoric acid (HF) of concentration (39%wt) under light source of tungeston halogen lamp of (100 Watt) power. Samples were anodized in a solution of 39%HF and ethanol at 1:1 for 15 minutes. The samples were realized on n-type Si substrates Porous Silicon layers of 100m thickness and 30% of porousity. Frequency dependence of conductivity for Al/PSi/Si/Al sandwich form was studied. A frequency range of 102-106Hz was used allowing an accurate determination of the impedance components. Their electronic transport parameters were determined using complex impedance measurements. These measu

Obviously, within the years  2004, 2005, 2006, several infection cases of  damping – off ,leaves ,flowers ,buds and petioles blight ,stem canker ,crown rot have seen on (Gerbera jamesonii) plants in nurseries and appears  dirty white(brown) color mold at the first and then convert to gray color on the foliage. The studying is carried out in two locations in Baghdad city which are Palestine Street (Al-Khirat, Al-Zina nurseries) and Zaiyuna (Zainab, Zaiyuna, Baghdad nurseries). The isolation and diagnosis were identified the causal pathogen was Botrytis cinerea.The pathogenicity test was carried out with positive results were positive resulted.  The infections percentage on gerbera plants ranged in the studied nu