Elegy is one of the foundations of the Arab poetic heritage, and it is one of the main sections of poetry. Man has found in him his desire to express his innermost self at an hour filled with pain, and an outlet from which his anguish and grief come out in an expressive form that liberates tears and reproaches death.
Lamentation is an evolving purpose that grows with the growth of society and life and records the change that takes place in every stage of history. It is an important result of the poet's collision with life and events.
That is why I chose the lamentation poetry of Hafiz Ibrahim, due to the importance of this art to him, and it is the art in which he excelled the poets of his time.
I have divided this research into a preface and two chapters accompanied by supplementary research from the contents, introduction, conclusion, and a list of sources and references.
As for the preface, I dealt with the life of the poet in a brief manner to show the stages he went through during his life, and the circumstances that surrounded him during those stages, which contributed greatly to enriching his art of lamentation and proficiency in it.
In the first chapter, I showed the meaning of lamentation, and the words synonymous with it, then I shed light on lamentation in Arabic literature by stating its place in Arabic poetry, and explaining the opinions of critics about it, and the developments that occurred in it during each of the different stages of history. Then I moved to the main axis of the research, which is the lamentation of Hafez Ibrahim, dividing his lamentations, which were often in his friends, into the lamentations of clerics, the lamentations of politicians, the lamentations of poets and writers, and the lamentations of international personalities.
As for the second chapter, it dealt with the technical characteristics of the lamentations poems in the poetry of Hafez Ibrahim. I studied the language, image and poetic music.
Abstract
The Umayyad poets tried to invest all artistic tools in order to achieve a measure of creativity in their texts. The phenomenon of visual composition is breaking the familiar writing system, with the aim of increasing the number of possible connotations. The visual in the Umayyad poetry tries to replace it through expression with the visual image, and its manifestations were manifested by the multiplication of punctuation marks in the body of the poetic text and the tearing of the single poetic line by cutting it into several sentences or repetition.
Keywords: visual formation, poetic writing, Umayyad poetry, recipien
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