War was and remains one of the main instruments for the practice of international relations, and has always been a major focus of the study of international relations. War, such as diplomacy, propaganda, etc., is an instrument of national politics. States have used wars to achieve their goals and aspirations and achieve their national interests. War and peace issues are essential to understanding international relations. They are questions that involve the problem of survival.

Today the term "war" is used in many different ways. We talk about Cold War, Hot War, Limited War, Total War, Conventional War, Unconventional War, Civil War, Gang War, Preventive War etc. However, the war continued to exist, and took various forms.

Introduction: Biliary atresia (BA) is a disease characterized by a biliary obstruction of unknown origin. Viral agents have been proposed in the aetiology of BA such as cytomegalovirus (CMV). This virus also considered as a one of agents that can infect the liver and cause hepatitis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of CMV in children with both chronic hepatitis (negative for hepatitis B and C) and have biliary atresia in the same time.Material and Methods: A retrospective study done on 13 liver tissue paraffin blocks of children with chronic hepatitis (negative for hepatitis B and C) and biliary atresia (extra and intra). The diagnosis was based on the presence of HCMV protein (pp65) by using immunohistochemistry.Res

In the period immediately following the end of World War II, American theatre was transformed by the work of playwright Arthur Miller. Miller tapped into a sense of dissatisfaction and unrest within the greater American psyche because he was profoundly influenced by the depression and the war that immediately followed it. His dramas proved to be both the conscience and redemption of the times; allowing people an honest view of the direction the country had taken.1 Miller has his own concept of tragedy as a modern playwright. He believes that tragedy may depict ordinary people in domestic surroundings instead of talking about a character from a high rank, a king or a queen. Miller’s main concern lies in dramatizing the whole man as he i

The organization and coordination of any communication is based on the system of turn-taking which refers to the process by which a participant in a conversation takes the role of speaker. The progression of any conversation is achieved by the change of roles between speaker and hearer which, in its turn, represents the heart of the turn-taking system. The turn-taking system is not a random process but it is a highly organized process governed by a set of rules. Thus, this system has certain features and rules which exist in any English communicative process. These rules, if applied by speakers, help to achieve successful exchange of turns in any conversation. This paper attempts to present full exposition of the concepts of conversation

This study aims to discuss how English Language Textbook (ELT), used in Iraqi schools, can be developed. All Iraqi teachers in Iraq spend much time using ELT textbooks in classrooms, and most of the Iraqi students depend on these textbooks to learn and improve the English language, so choosing an appropriate ELT textbook is so essential. A suitable book must include critical components that fit teachers' and students' needs. The quality of ELT textbooks has been improved dramatically in recent years, even though these textbooks still do not meet students' needs, especially in language communication skills. This study seeks to investigate the most critical components that may make the ELT textbooks are more influential and interactive for Ir

The implementation of decentralization in Iraq was asymmetrical, leading to different forms and paces of implementation. Comparing four cases of Basra, Kirkuk, Nineveh, and Sulaymaniyah indicate that these cases differ in their political stability and autonomy in a way that led to a different forms of decentralization. This paper argues that the higher the level of political autonomy from the federal government, the more efficient the governance model, and the more efficient the governance model, the more legitimate the system (trust), and the more legitimate a system, the more accountable elected officials. Therefore, it recommends reforming the institutional setup of decentralization by having districts, instead of provinces, as t

The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between the strategic thinking and organizational change via the use of many statistical methods such as Simple linear regression equation. The 80% of the hypotheses of correlation and influence were established, and the research was reached a number of conclusions. Including the fluctuation of the level of strategic thinking capabilities in the sample surveyed. Although, there are certain levels, but an organization of this importance need to be higher. Based on these conclusions, the researcher has made some recommendations to address the findings of the research. Reflexión del pensamiento estratégico sobre el cambio organizacional Resumen El propósito de esta investigación

Mandali Dam is one of the small dams in Iraq; it is located on Haran Wadi, Gangir, just 3km north-east Mandali City. Mandali dam consists of four main parts, the dam body, the intake structure, the spillway, and the bottom outlet. The dam body is zoned earth filled with a central core.  The main purposes of the dam are to maintain flow of Wadi Haran, supplying irrigation and drinking water to Mandali City, and recharging the groundwater. Over a period of seven years of operation, the dam lost its ability to store water due to accumulated sediments within its reservoir. The accumulated sediment is about 2.25million m³. The average annual rate of reduction during this period is about 0.321

The GPS navigation measurements become more widely used in many civilian and scientific application. All GPS navigation data holds many errors, the main error sources arise from the geodetic Datum variation when user apply the GPS measurements with the map. Geodetic datums define the size and shape of the earth and the origin and orientation of the coordinate systems used to map the earth surface. In this paper, the Datum transformation was evaluated in two mathematical methods to overcome the errors due to the difference between the WGS-84 and our country Datum Clarck-1880. The results was evaluated and investigated using Carmin GPS device for GCPs comparison, topographic map for Hilla city, mid Iraq 1:100000 scale, and two georefrencing