Preferred Language
Articles
/
jcoeduw-849
الحیوانات والطیور والحشرات والزواحف في كتاب الفندیداد (احد كتب الافستا الزردشتیة)
...Show More Authors

The book of Alphendidad is considered as an important part of the holy book of
Avesta in the Zoroastrian religion. It is a religious and urbanization book that consists of a
number of chapters dealing with the creation. The book includes 22 chapters, mostly edited
as a dialogue between Ahuaramzda the god of goodness and his prophet Zoroaster. The
biggest chapter deals with the rules of purification of vices of the devil and dismissing it of
the places around, hence it is the book of law of Zoroastrian about the important animals,
birds , insects, and reptiles and their categorization according to their creation; creatures of
the spirit of goodness and creatures of the spirit of evilness.
Some of these creatures are included for their influence upon the life, nature, and
other creatures, in addition to their influence upon the religious life. This is the focus of the
current study that sheds light on the identity of these creatures and their effect on the
mentality and the Zoroastrian belief.
1. The Alphendidad is considered as the important idiosyncratic legislative part in the
book of Avesta, in which there is a lot of the legislations and laws that rule the
individual and social life and the consequences of the deeds of man as a reward
and punishment.
2. The study tries to concentrate on a specific part of the book of Alphendidad and
study it. It surveys the most important creatures in the book, especially animals,
birds, insects, and reptiles – according the Zoroastrian belief -. The Zoroaster
divides theses creatures into two types according to the creation and impotence.
The blessed creatures of goodness that created by the god of goodness,
Ahoramzda; and cursed creatures of evilness created by the god of evilness,
Ahrimn.

3. The ideas, points of views, rituals, and worships included in the book of
Alphendidad disagree with the common sense and any logical thinking. This is a
defect against the Zoroastrian belief and thinking. The legend and myth is the only
means by which events are explained especially the creation and the view of the
world that is ruled by these two forces; the force of goodness and its creatures and
the force of evilness and its creatures.
4. The human mind tends more to believe in myth and legend to explain mysterious
phenomena. Along history, Persians tend to weave legendry events in literature
resulting from their worshiping of natural phenomena that are difficult to be
explained in another way. They have found that the clear blue sky, light, fire, air,
and water are divine and good creatures. They have even called the sun and the eye
of god and light as the son of god. And darkness, drought, and sickness are divine,
cursed, and evil creatures.
5. The creation is focused on the good creatures especially livestock, small and big
animals, dogs, and birds as the creatures of goodness. the study concentrates also
on how to work on protectin and mentaining these creatures as the means of
victory for the god of light, Ahoramzada against the cursed creatures of evilness.
Therefore, Zoroaster imposes on his followers that they should sanctify these
creatures and never harm them or killing them with no right.
6. The Ancient Persian thinking has missed the fact that this world and its creatures
are the creation of one sole God. The question that raises here is weather the
Zoroastrian religion is a multiple-god or standard religion. Researches disagree to
answer this question. Some of them see the world with its two forces of goodness
and evilness are but two conflicting forces of the same God, and others believe that
Zoroaster is standard theologically and philosophically he is a multiple-god
religion.
7. The categorization of the animals, birds, insects, and reptiles into two types
according to the Zoroastrian belief is an evidence of ignorance and lack of
awareness. All creatures are the creation of the One sole God. The Zoroastrian has
divided these creatures into two types according to their features, work and their
effect on nature among other useful or harmful creatures. The religion imposes the mythical and legendary view picturing these creatures as animals, birds, insects
according to their importance.
8. The Zoroastrian religion exaggerates the importance of these creatures. It sanctify
and blessed the useful creatures and its remnants, as it considered the cow as a
very important creature by Ahoramzda. Its importance lies in the fact that the cow
is the source of their food, a means of cultivating their lands. Cow is considered as
the capital of the farming communities, and since the Parisian is an old agrarian
society, the cow and ox are important supplements. Yet there is a great deal of
exaggeration in dealing with the cow to an illogical extent of considering its urine
as a sacred thing for purification of sins instead of holy water, which a thing that
goes against proper and common test.
9. The study signifies a group of animals described by Zoroaster as creatures of
goodness as they have good and useful features according to the god of goodness,
Ahoramzda. These animals are: Cow, Awl, fox, ox, camel, donkey, sheep, horse,
bird, dog, goat, and eagle).
10. The study also identifies a group of creatures that are considered as harmful –
according to Zoroastrain religion – that affects the good creatures and affects the
nature and spoil it. Zoroaster has allowed the destruction and killing these
creatures and its harm to support the force of goodness over evilness. It also
considered the destruction of these creature as part of the important religious
rituals of the Zoroastrian belief to purgation of sins and evils and to get nearer to
the god of goodness Ahoramzda. These creatures are: rats, locusts, snakes, flies,
wolves, turtles, frogs, spiders, scorpions, lice, ants).

View Publication Preview PDF
Quick Preview PDF
Publication Date
Wed Jun 19 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Accounting information system and its role in enhancing competitivness in the public industrial sector companies in iraq, from the standpoint of the auditors at the federal supeme audit board field study
...Show More Authors

In a world of fierce competition companies of different activities strive to strengthen their competitiveness in order to be able to deliver greater value to their customers and gain a distinct sites in competition with other companies in the market at the local and international levels. Every company seeks to focus on one or more of the competitive capabilities in order to turn it into an obvious advantage or a number of competitive advantages to contribute in improving the performance and superiority over its competitors. Therefore, the management of companies no longer need only useful information for the internal aspects of the environment, but also need to include the external environment that includes various and constantly changin

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Oct 17 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Implications of Financial Reporting Governance in rationalizing investors decisions In financial markets in light of An International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS)/ An analytical study of a selected sample of the joint stock companies in Iraq
...Show More Authors

The financial crises that occurred in South East Asia and America, and the discovery of the financial and administrative corruption that affected these companies, which led to the crisis. Since then, organizations and institutions interested in accounting have begun new ways to further rationalize the management of these companies. Hence the concept of governance, which means good governance. Al-Susiya confirmed its adoption of the financial reporting standards and adopted internal and external auditing for the purpose of increasing the reliability and credibility of the financial and reports that increase the confidence of investors in making their investment decisions in the financial markets The study dealt with the contributi

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Mon Dec 31 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Market Research And Consumer Protection
THE ROLE OF MARKETING MIX AND INNOVATION ON SERVICE DESIGN EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AT COMPANY KOREK TELECOM.: THE ROLE OF MARKETING MIX AND INNOVATION ON SERVICE DESIGN EXPLORATORY RESEARCH AT COMPANY KOREK TELECOM.
...Show More Authors

The success of the company's strategy depends to a large extent on the success of its functional areas, the marketing Mix makes the company more able to monitor the external environment and the rapid changes related to competitors and customers, as well as the innovation contributes to meet the needs of customers and the requirements of competition and try to find solutions to various problems in Innovation ways, and thus integrated marketing and Innovation efforts in the company towards the design of competitive services to meet the requirements of customers and competition. The research aims to determine how marketing Mix and innovation to design unique and distinct services compared to the competitors, through exporator a sample of en

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2006
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
التعليم المحاسبي الجامعي في العراق: دراسة تحليلية في ضؤ التغير الراديكالي
...Show More Authors

        

View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Sat Sep 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The impact of the organizational commitmentIn the job performance of employees of the Iraqi Insurance company
...Show More Authors

The research aims at shedding light on the impact of the organizational commitment on the performance of the Iraqi insurance company as a service company that provides many services to customers both internal (individuals working) or external, Whenever the company was able to adopt new concepts to increase the understanding and knowledge of how their attention to individuals working and to provide an appropriate working environment, and to clarify the objectives and strategies for them, and create a sense of their importance, as reflected on job performance in attracting new customers, and build long-term relationships with them . In order to achieve this, the research relied on the questionnaire as a main tool for collecting data and in

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Tue Jan 28 2020
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
نظام المعلومات التسويقي في شركات التأمين ودوره في اتخاذ القرارات التسويقية
...Show More Authors

                   Seek Iraqi insurance companies to face the global changes today that may affect the overall performance of the company, it must find an effective means of providing everything you need company information, and by increasing attention to administrative operations in general, especially the marketing process, which from its core focus on activities related to elements of the marketing mix, as the success of any company in achieving the planned objectives, linked to its ability to make sound decisions in the context of the above elements, for the latter of great importance, especially if based on facts and indicators obtained from th

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Mon Feb 04 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The Role of Sports Establishment in The Insurance Industry: An Applied Research at The Insurance Sector
...Show More Authors

Sports risk has become a threat to the sports sector in general and the impact on an efficient player and the old stadiums in particular. So have such a thing fertile ground of global insurance companies to exploit it optimally exploited through the development and marketing of insurance lids for the provision of protection for athletes of different risks they may face, which contributed to the growth and development of the performance of these companies and helped in the emergence of sports insurance specialist firms. And through the insurance process in the field of sports and where the insurance is a type of social solidarity. The main problem is this spirit manifested search in question is whether to embrace sports institutions sport

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Crossref
Publication Date
Tue Jun 25 2024
Journal Name
مجلة كلية التربية للبنات /الجامعة العراقية
أثر القران الكريم في الرؤيا الشعرية الجديدة في ديوان النابغة الجعدي
...Show More Authors

يقف البحث الموسوم (أثر القرآن الكريم في الرؤيا الشعرية الجديدة في ديوان النابغة الجعدي) على العديد من الرؤى الشعرية التي ظهرت في ديوان الشاعر، والكشف عن التأثير القرآني على رؤيا الشاعر النابغة الجعدي. ولذلك صار من المنطقي أَنْ يقسم البحث إلى مبحثين: فكان المبحث الأول بعنوان: (الرؤيا الاجتماعية قبل نزول القرآن)، ثم يكون المبحث الثاني بعنوان (الرؤيا الشعرية الجديدة وأثر القرآن فيها. أهداف البحث: يسعى البحث للكشف

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF
Publication Date
Fri Jun 02 2023
Journal Name
المجلة السياسية والدولية
Taiwan's Position in US-China Relations Under President Joseph Biden
...Show More Authors

The international standing has an impact on the strategic importance of the country in its relations with other regional and international countries. The strategic position of Taiwan has an impact on the US-Chinese relations, as it is one of the most important issues that raise dispute between the two countries. The while the Chinese consider Taiwan is an ancient legacy of their republic, and an integral part of it, the Americans consider it as an area linking the U.S. to the Asia-Pacific region, through which it intends to help its allies (Japan and South Korea). Moreover, Taiwan has huge economic importance as it is one of the largest manufacturers of electronic chips and semiconductors. This fact represents one of the most important issu

... Show More
View Publication
Publication Date
Mon Nov 13 2023
Journal Name
مجلة الدراسات المستدامة
The American-European dispute over control Spanish colonies in the Ameri
...Show More Authors

The American-European dispute is one of the important issues that dominated international relations during the nineteenth century in particular, although the previous period witnessed the emergence of a dispute over the right to control these colonies, which the United States of America, especially after the proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, is a natural right and that It has the ability to prevent European countries from interfering in the affairs of the American continent, so the United States of America entered into continuous disputes with European countries, which were constantly directing their eyes towards the Spanish colonies in the American continent. But the American government had priority in controlling those colonies

... Show More
View Publication Preview PDF