Medium Access Control (MAC) spoofing attacks relate to an attacker altering the manufacturer assigned MAC address to any other value. MAC spoofing attacks in Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) network are simple because of the ease of access to the tools of the MAC fraud on the Internet like MAC Makeup, and in addition to that the MAC address can be changed manually without software. MAC spoofing attacks are considered one of the most intensive attacks in the WiFi network; as result for that, many MAC spoofing detection systems were built, each of which comes with its strength and weak points. This paper logically identifies and recognizes the weak points
and masquerading paths that penetrate the up-to-date existing detection systems. Then the

Acontaminated ophthalmic solutions represent a potential cause of avoidable ocular infection. This study aimed to determine the magnitude and pattern of microbial contamination of eye drops in out patient at the department of ophthalmology, at Baghdad national hospital, Iraq. Fifty four vials from the out patient clinic were obtained for microbial examination after an average use of 2 weeks. The dropper tip and the residual eye drop were examined for contamination. The specimens were cultured, the number of colonies counted, the organisms identified. Eight (15%)  out of 54 analyzed vials were contaminated , most bacteria identi

A sentence is a key part of Spanish grammar and serves as the fundamental unit in constructing discourse. However, foreign language learners, particularly Arabic speakers, may face complex aspects that hinder their understanding and correct use of sentences. Additionally, there are at least two linguistic approaches that describe the use of compound sentences: one considers the sentence as the basic unit for discourse analysis, while other studies, starting with Van Dijk (2003), emphasize the importance of understanding both the partial and holistic structure of discourse. Therefore, we consider the significance of reviewing the linguistic differences between the native language and Spanish as a potential cause of misunderstanding a

This paper shows that there are few studies on errors and difficulties with unstressed pronouns in Spanish. Similarly, when consulting teaching methods, we find that the most consulted texts are ELE manuals. In this sense, the purpose of this paper is to verify the teaching proposal regarding unstressed pronouns in the ELE manuals most used at the Faculty of Languages - University of Baghdad, Iraq. It is urgently needed for ELE teachers in Iraq and students to obtain the most recent ELE manuals, as this will help them teach and learn about unstressed pronouns with texts that contain more didactic and engaging exercises. Furthermore, teachers will be able to plan strategies and lessons for the correct use of these texts.

The construction sector is considered an important and influential pivot in the national economy of any country.  Nations are working to develop this sector, receiving modern and developed techniques. So, this sector can be a carrier or a receiver of modern technologies. The cost of technology transfer between the international companies that sponsor this sector is a matter of great importance, especially since different factors affect the need for this advanced technology. The cost of technology transfer in construction is related to multiple factors presented by Knowledge, equipment, plant, hardware and software. The lack of distinguishing and evaluating the direct and indirect costs in the construction sector during

Due to the significance of hospital drinking water, a study was done to assess the water in three hospitals in Baghdad (Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Ibn Sina Hospital, and Ibn-Al-Nafis Hospital) for its nature and quality, compare it to other hospitals in terms of its physical, chemical, and bacterial specifications, and compare it to international standards. According to Iraqi standards from 2009 and WHO standards from 2011, Chemical factors were measured, which included pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Calcium Ion (Ca+2). Reported readings are all within acceptable ranges for drinking water. In contrast, turbidity, total hardness (T.H.), chlorides (Cl-), magnesium (Mg+2), the number of aerobic plates (APC), total coliform (T

Objectives: To assess general social factors for elderly in geriatric homes in Jordan.
Methodology: The study was conducted for clients residing in elderly homes. A purposive sample of (155)
residents were selected. Social resource scale by (Duck University Center) called (OARA) older adult resources
and services was used as tool for data collection. The questions extract data about family structure, patterns of
friends and visiting, availability of a confident, satisfaction with the degree of social interaction and availability
of a helper in the event of illness or disability and the program of trips in the houses.
Results: The findings revealed that the life expectancy for women is greater than for men. In respect to

Background: Bell's palsy was defined as facial weakness of lower motor neuron type caused by idiopathic facial nerve involvement outside the central nervous system without evidence of aural or more widespread neurologic disease. The cause is unclear, but the disorder occurs more commonly in diabetics.Objectives: to differentiate cases of idiopathic Bell's palsy from diabetic mononeuropathy presented with Facial nerve palsy by assessing the taste, because they differ in etiology, management & prognosis.Patients &Methods: One hundred and fifteen consecutive patients were referred for the treatment of facial palsy, from May the 5th 2012 to April 12th 2013 in Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital and The Neurosciences Hospital, in Baghdad / Ira

Background :The cotton factories have difference steps, spinning and weaving are van important parts of the factories. Cotton industry workers are exposed to various hazards in the different departments of textile factories. The major health problems associated with cotton dust are respiratory problems. Cotton workers display an excess of lung function abnormalities when compared to a community control population.
Aim of Study: This study assessed the effect of exposure to cotton dust in spinning and weaving workers on the lung function in Iraq, by measuring Forced Vital Capacity (FVC),Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second(FEV1), FEV1 ∕ FVC Ratio, and Forced Expiratory Flow 50%(FEF50%),with varying degree of reduction in lung

Soil is a crucial component of environment. Total soil analysis may give information about possible enrichment of the soil with heavy metals. Heavy metals, potentially contaminate soils, may have been dumped on the ground. chromium, nickel and cadmium,