The study aimed to measure the phsycological tolerance and self-efficacy among the students of Baghdad university and knon the significant differences in psychological tolerance and self-efficacy according to the variables (Gender-Specialization)and the interaction between themas well as the study aimed to identify the strength and direction of the relationship between psychological tolerance and self-efficacy of the study sampleincluded asample of the current study(370) students from grades four ,the researcher used the measure of psychological tolerance and self-efficacy prepared by the researcher ,and the results showed that college students Generally have adegree of psychological tolerance and that there are statistically sig

The current research aims to know the effect of gardens ideas strategy on deductive thinking among fourth-grade science students in physics.
   To investigate from the aim of the research, researchers put the following zero hypothesis:

- No statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the students mean scores of the two groups on indicative thinking test.

      The research was carried out on the scientific fourth grade male students in Al – Mansour in Baghdad; belong to Education Directorate Al- Karkh /1, for the Academic Year (2014-2015) A.D.

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Arabs knew the art of diction and elocution as part of their life in peace and war and in lamentation, satire, narration and description, as they were distinguished by influential and meaningful speeches in war and battle times, and the most prominent topics of the pre-Islamic rhetoric were pride, enthusiasm, bravery and other meanings related to heroism and call for war. It was not a long time when Arabs paid more attention to this great phonetic phenomenon, as they see that it elevates the status of the word and shows its meanings and significances. The current research aims to reveal the function of diction in conveying the meaning in radio drama.
The research methodology: the researcher adopted the analytic descriptive method gui

The study aimed to design a test of pre-writing skills for public kindergartens in Baghdad city. The test consisted of (25) items applied on a sample of (150) kindergarteners to identify these skills as well as to identify the significant difference between male and female children and if there is a difference between pre-school children and kindergarteners. The results showed the presence of pre-writing skills with a high degree in kindergarten children. The differences were clear in these skills between male and female children and those in pre-school than those in kindergartens. The researcher suggested a number of recommendations and proposals.

The aimes of this study is to investigate Optimism and Pessimism among university undergraduates including the first and fourth stage students ,the sample of this stoudy contained (326) students ,(166) male and (160) female, The researcher adopted a scale of Dember et al (1889) translated and adjusted  to arabic version by Al-Dosoke (2001). The results have shown that   students have  optimism including the first and fourth stage and no significant difference between the students  as far as ncluding the first and fourth  study stage and gender, Implications of the results and recommendations for further research are discussed.

The research aims to identify intelligence spiritual among a sample of students Baghdad University as well as to identify the differences between students in intelligence spiritual according to variable type (male - female), and variable area of ​​study (Science - a human) and variable (First grade - fourth grade), The research sample consisted of (300) students, were applied scale search - a spiritual Intelligence Scale (prepared by the researcher), has resulted in the search results for: -

The students of the University of Baghdad (sample) enjoyed a high level of spiritual intelligence.
- There are no differences between males and females in the spiritual intelligence.
- There

This research aims to identify the impact of the selective model in acquiring the concepts of Kurdish grammar among female students in the eighth grade, and to achieve the goal of research, the researcher selected the experimental design with partial control  and dimensional testing; the sample includes basic schools in the Chim district of Chamal/ Sulaymaniyah and randomly selected the basic school (Maha Bad) to be the field of application of the experiment and the random drawing method was chosen: two out of three sections and the number of students of the two sections is (75) students; section (C) represents the experimental group that studied the rules according to the selective model and its number is (37) students, while secti

The study aimed at the following:

    Identify the differences in average scores core  thinking skills kindergarten children by variable sex (male - female), and by variable age (5.6 - 5.11).

To achieve this researcher adopted a standardized test of core thinking skills for the kindergarten children, which was built and standardization by the researcher Meyada Asaad Mussa 2012 . applied test on a sample of (814) ) boys and girls who were randomly chosen form,  from directorates of Baghdad Education Adoption of the proportional distribution.

Reading is an interactive process that goes on between the reader and the text, resulting in comprehension. The text presents letters, words, sentences, and paragraphs that encode meaning. The reader uses knowledge, skills, and strategies to determine what that meaning is. Reading comprehension is much more than decoding; it results when the reader knows which skills and strategies are appropriate for the type oftext, and understands how to apply them to accomplish the reading purpose.Reading comprehension is important because without it reading is nothing more than tracking symbols on a page with your eyes and sounding them out leaving the reader with no information. Instead of promoting traditional approaches, reading should be taught

The purposes of study are to measure the perceived competence and the locus of control among sixth-grade students, to identify the statistical differences between the perceived competence and the locus of control among sixth-grade students regarding the variable of gender, achievement, and economical status, and lastly, explore the correlation relationship between perceived competence and locus of control among sixth-grade students, To do this, the researchers have constructed two scales: one to measure the perceived competence based on bandura's theory (social-cognitive theory) which consisted of (26) items and the other to measure the locus of control based on Rotter's theory (social-learning theory) which included (25) items. The samp