(Thimma) in Arabic means compact, and immunity. (People of Thimma) are the free non-Muslim people under Muslim rule. This includes Heavenly Religions people, i. e., Christian and Jews).
They have been called (People of Thimma) because they had paid (Jizyah: tribute) so they became safe for their souls, honor, properties at the custody of Muslims.
Islamic law had posed (Jizyah: tribute) upon the Jews and Christians who were living under Muslim rule as a reaction of not embracing Islam Faith against securing their rights and freedom.
Freedoms secured by Islam for the (People of Thimma) had been many, including the right of faith, not coercing them to be Muslim, the right to live, to possess properties, protect and secure them, their right to make use of the state facilities in addition to their freedom to practice their religious rituals.
There are numerous Quranic verses, and Prophetic traditions which clarify the rights enjoyed by Christian and Jew people. There are also a great deal of historic evidence which confirm these people's enjoyment of their rights and their freedom under Muslim rule.
The book of Alphendidad is considered as an important part of the holy book of
Avesta in the Zoroastrian religion. It is a religious and urbanization book that consists of a
number of chapters dealing with the creation. The book includes 22 chapters, mostly edited
as a dialogue between Ahuaramzda the god of goodness and his prophet Zoroaster. The
biggest chapter deals with the rules of purification of vices of the devil and dismissing it of
the places around, hence it is the book of law of Zoroastrian about the important animals,
birds , insects, and reptiles and their categorization according to their creation; creatures of
the spirit of goodness and creatures of the spirit of evilness.
Some of these creatures ar
Federal Russia remains the central player in the space of post-Soviet Union,
particularly in the regions of Middle Asia and the Caucasus , which set standard for
the local transformations of the two regions.
The Russian concern continued about the shift of power in the
world, as long as Russia is concerned with limiting the action of the United States
in the area in which Russia sees as vital area to its national interests. Russia's
nationalists play a main role in reviving Russia's influence in Middle Asia as a vital
area and the natural ally of Russia, but without resorting to the old ways of using
the threat of military force.
The idea of the return of Russia as a superpower in the global arena in
Middle
لكل دولة في هذا العالم خطابها السياسي والذي يحدد سياستها الداخلية والخارجية، وهي سياسة ثابتة تنطلق من مفاهيم وبرامج وثوابت تخدم مصالحها الحيوية، لكون الخطاب السياسي ليس مجرد كلام عابر في عالم السياسة الدولية وانما هو ثوابت مهمة يحدد توجهات هذه الدولة او تلك ويحدد دورها الدولي وطبيعة العلاقة مع البلدان الاخرى ومنها الدول المجاورة لها. شهد العراق بعد العام 2003 تحديات جديدة تمثلت بتغليب خطابات الطائفية والكراه
... Show Moreتعد التغيرات المناخية قضية بيئية عالمية وشاغلاً مشتركاً للبشرية وهي نتيجة حتمية للتطور الحضاري، لاسيما بعد قيام الثورة الصناعية، فقد كان الاستهلاك غير العقلاني لموارد الطبيعة والتوسع العمراني على حساب المساحات الخضراء آثار خطيرة على المناخ الذي يعد من اهم عناصر البيئة الطبيعية لما له من اثر واضح على كافة مجالات الحياة. على صعيد الحالة العراقية يواجه العراق تحديات عدة يفرضها تغير المناخ كارتفاع درجات الحرا
... Show Moreيعد الزمان عنصراً جمالياً مساهماً له القدرة على خلق المعنى والدلالة ، ومشاركاً في الاستراتيجية الحكائية إذ ينتقل من مجرد عنصر حكائي إلى محرض للمتلقي فهو زمان الإنسان الداخلي .
Abstract
In this study, mucilage was extracted from Malabar spinach and tested for drag-reducing properties in aqueous liquids flowing through pipelines. Friction produced by liquids flowing in turbulent mode through pipelines increase power consumption. Drag-reducing agents (DRA) such as polymers, suspended solids and surfactants are used to reduce power losses. There is a demand for natural, biodegradable DRA and mucilage is emerging as an attractive alternative to conventional DRAs. Literature review revealed that very little research has been done on the drag-reducing properties of this mucilage and there is an opportunity to explore the potential applications of mucilage from Malabar spinach. An experi
... Show Moreعرض رسائل (الموقف من التعددية الحزبية في الفكر السياسي الاسلامي المعاصر)
الحديث عن محمد بن إسحاق النديم حديث عن عالم جليل كان له فضل تصنيف سفر خالد من أسفار المعرفة و العلم و سجل ضم عناوين ما أنتجته الأمة العربية الإسلامية في وقت عزها و مجدها و سطوع كوكبها في سماء الدنيا ، فجاء هذا الكتاب جامعا نافعا في بابه .
The family is considered one of the most important social institutions which has a
strong and clear effect on the child in forming his personality through the process
of social upbringing which works on transforming the child from a merely
biological being into an individual who has customs and traditions and the behavior
of the group to which he belongs, and till now there is no social organization or
institution that can do this process not even in partial way like the family
.Therefore depriving the child of his parents leads to depriving him of the normal
chances of growth which relate to his age stage and thus this shortcoming is hard to
treat and based on the preceding the current research aimed at the follo
تعمل البنوك والمؤسسات المالية كوسيط مالي بين أصحاب المدخرات والودائع من جهة ومستخدمي هذه الأموال من جهة أخرى، وممارسة هذه الوساطة المالية بين الطرفين توضح العلاقة التي ينشأ عنها الائتمان، فالائتمان علاقة بين طرفين أولهما تزيد موارده على احتياجاته وهم (المدخرون) والثاني تزيد احتياجاته على موارده وهم (المقترضون)، وطبيعة العلاقة التي تنشأ بينهما تأخذ أحد شكلين: مباشر دون وساطة من أي طرف خارجي، أو غير مباشر عن
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