Background: White-spot lesion is one of the problems associated with the fixed orthodontic treatment. The aims of this in-vitro study were to investigate enamel damage depth on adhesive removal when the adhesive were surrounded by sound, demineralized or demineralized enamel that had been re-mineralized prior to adhesive removal using 10% Nano-Hydroxy apatite and to determine the effect of three different adhesive removal techniques. Materials and methods: Composite resin adhesive (3M Unitek) was bonded to 60 human upper premolars teeth which were randomly divided in to three groups each containing ten sound teeth and ten teeth with demineralized and re-mineralized lesions adjacent to the adhesive. A window of 2 mm was prepared on the bucca

     With the increasing use of antibiotics around the world, the study and appreciation of antibiotics has become essential. An antibiotic formulation may include one or added active ingredients depending on the type and method of manufacturing the antibiotic. Antibiotics can only combat diseases of bacterial origin. As for viral diseases such as the common cold and influenza, antibiotics will not be able to combat them. The objective of this review is to digest the literature related to estimation of antibiotics and to show the methods that have been used in the estimation of the antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, cephalothin, carbenicillin, and cefotaxime) in medicinal preparations and a biological fluid for example blood

     In the last few years, the literature conferred a great interest in studying the feasibility of using memristive devices for computing. Memristive devices are important in structure, dynamics, as well as functionalities of artificial neural networks (ANNs) because of their resemblance to biological learning in synapses and neurons regarding switching characteristics of their resistance. Memristive architecture consists of a number of metastable switches (MSSs). Although the literature covered a variety of memristive applications for general purpose computations, the effect of low or high conductance of each MSS was unclear. This paper focuses on finding a potential criterion to calculate the conductance of each MMS rather t

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Games engagement has become one of the main concerns in game industry. Early study revealed that Malaysian digital traditional games are suffering with the same issue due to several factors. One of it is the lack of the game itself. Although many Malaysian traditional games have been digitized, none of them has incorporated rewards despite its importance in games engagement. Realizing the importance of rewards in games engagement, one of Malaysian traditional Congkak has been chosen to be enhanced by incorporating rewards. Experiments have been conducted among 50 gamers among the Millennials. Prior interview, game demo and human test are conducted. Experiments focused on the influence of rewards on games flow, games challenge, and its ef

Background: Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances is frequently associated with difficulties in maintaining good oral hygiene and creation of plaque-retentive areas on tooth surfaces that are typically more prone to the development of caries; such drawbacks may result in white spot lesion (WSL) development that affects the esthetic outcome following bracket debonding. This review article focuses on orthodontic WSLs development, prevention, and remineralization potential via incorporating various remineralizing / antibacterial additives into orthodontic adhesives. Results: Unbalanced enamel demineralization and remineralization processes, along with rapid alterations in the dental plaque bacterial ecology, particularly acidogen