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Periodontal health status and salivary enzymes level in smokers and non-smokers (comparative, cross sectional study)
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Background: Smoking is considering a major risk factor for development and progression of periodontal disease. Investigations regarding the association between smoking and periodontal disease have consistently demonstrated negative periodontal effects and greater probabilities of established periodontal disease among smokers in comparison with non smokers. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of smoking on periodontal health status and on the salivary levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK), and to correlate the clinical parameters of periodontal health with the biochemical findings in smokers and non-smokers. Materials and methods: Unstimulated saliva sample was collected from 25 smokers and 25 non-smokers for biochemical analysis of salivary enzymes. Periodontal parameters including: plaque index, gingival index, bleeding on probing, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level were recorded. Results: statistical analysis revealed that ALP in saliva was significantly higher in smoker than the non smoker group and there was a highly significant difference in the salivary LDH and CK levels between smokers and non-smokers groups. Plaque index (PLI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were higher in smokers compared with non smokers, while there was decrease in the number of bleeding sites. Conclusions: smokers group revealed more periodontal tissue destruction than non-smokers group represented by deeper pockets and more clinical attachment level. Salivary enzymes (ALP, LDH and CK) are considered as good biochemical markers of periodontal tissue destruction and can be used to evaluate the effect of smoking on periodontal health status.

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Publication Date
Sun Sep 01 2024
Journal Name
Egyptian Journal Of Botany
Molecular data unravels three freshwater peridinioids in the Baghdad Island Tourist Lake, with reporting Palatinus apiculatus (Peridiniopsidaceae, Peridiniales) as a new record for the Iraqi algal flora
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Publication Date
Wed Jan 23 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
Role of the External Auditor in Review of Interim Financial Information Accordance with the Internation: بحث تطبيقي في عينة من الشركات المدرجة في سوق العراق للأوراق المالية
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In light of the increasing importance of interim financial statements they provided these lists of information that enables users of accounting information to make wise investment decisions and predict the company's activities in light of changes the updated rather than wait until the end of the year and accessing information provided by the annual financial statements. In light of this research has come to the most important set of conclusions the adoption of interim financial information has been audited by the external auditor to the availability of basic qualitative characteristics in the accounting information contained in the (appropriate and timely manner, reliability and comparability) and this in turn leads to the impact on reli

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Crossref
Publication Date
Mon Oct 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
Studying the effect of institutional pressures on the attitudes of the managers of small enterprises in Thi-Qar province toward intention continuance environmental disposal of e-waste
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       Currently, there is no established of e-waste treatment in Thi- Qar province, while their creating is increasing every year. It has been well- known that e-waste is a source of environmental degrading and their placement in landfills increases the irreversible climate change. A research model has been developed to link three components: coercive pressure, normative influence, and mimicry, then study their effect on e-waste adopt and continuance intentions. The model was validated using data collected from a field survey of 92 managers of small enterprises in Thi-Qar province.  A questionnaire was developed to collect data. It contains five major variables, exemplify by fourteen items. Als

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Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Mar 16 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Educational And Psychological Researches
The Degree to Which Princess Rahma University College Students Possess E-Learning Skills Related to Moodle from their Point of View, in Light of the Corona Crisis
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This study aims to identify the degree of students of Princess Rahma University College owning e-learning skills related to MOODLE as they perceived in the of light Corona crisis. The researchers' questionnaire consisted of (37) items, distributed in three areas of e-learning skills related to the MOODLE on (147) students were chosen randomly. The results of the study showed that the degree of students 'possession of e-learning skills related to the MOODLE was significant. The results also revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the degree of students' possession of electronic learning skills related to the MOODLE due to sex in favor of females. Finally, there were no statistically significant differences in the

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Publication Date
Sat Feb 01 2025
Journal Name
Journal Of Physical Education
The Effect of Using Especial Exercises Suggested for Developing of Accuracy Direction by Fencing in Foil for the Players of the National Team of the Young who Handicap
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Publication Date
Thu Sep 15 2022
Journal Name
Alustath Journal For Human And Social Sciences
The Degree of Commitment of Social Workers Who Work in the ‎Ministry of Social Development to the Professional Principles of ‎the Social Work Profession under the Corona Pandemic
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The study aimed to identify the degree of commitment of social workers working in the Ministry of Social Development to the professional principles of the social work profession in light of the Corona pandemic, and the sample consisted of (135) specialists. The study reached several results: the most important one is  the degree of commitment of social workers working in the Ministry of Social Development to the professional principles of social service was great. The other result is the absence of statistically significant differences according to the variables of sex and place of residence. Moreover, the results also showed the absence of statistically significant differences in the principles of ( Acceptance o

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Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Dec 29 2021
Journal Name
Modern Sport
Effect of rehabilitation exercises in improving the motor range of people with partial rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint by ages (30-35) men
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The study aimed to prepare rehabilitation exercises using some rubber ropes for people with partial rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament, to recognize their effect on the recovery of motor tides and to reduce the pain of those with partial rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint, and adopted the experimental method by designing the experimental and controlled groups on a sample of those with partial rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament of men (30-35) One year of those who attend the Physiotherapy Center/Rafidain University College of 12 injured were deliberately selected from their community of origin by (100%), and after determining the measuring tools and preparation of exercises applied with rubber r

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Crossref
Publication Date
Sat Sep 01 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of Accounting And Financial Studies ( Jafs )
The Planning For Reducing the Phenomenon of Tax EvasionBy Developing the Role of the Equitable: Distribution of TaxBurdens on TaxpayersAn Applied Research in the General Commission Of Taxes
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 The tax base is one of the bases of the technical organizing of taxes,   and that a good selection of the tax base effects the outcome of the tax and its fairness, and with the expansion of the tax range results a dangerous phenomenon called tax evasion, which became threaten the economies of countries and this phenomenon prevents the achievement of the state to its economic, political and social objectives which seeks to resolve this phenomenon and identifying all human and material potential and realize the real reasons that lie behind it.   The researcher found that tax authorities are weak in terms of it the technical material and financial abilities, the analysis of data show that then is a significant reve

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Crossref
Publication Date
Wed Aug 30 2017
Journal Name
Ibn Al-haitham Journal For Pure And Applied Sciences
Dete· rmination of 6 -Mixing Ratios of y­ Transitions From Levels of llo, 112 u 4 Cd populated in The 110 112 ' 114 Cd (n,Ii y) Reactions
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The  o - mixing. ratios  of y- transitions from level of 1 Hi. 11 - 1 4

 

Cd   populated  in  the

 

1 H1•

 

112

 

11 4

 

Cd  (n,n  'Y)  reactions  .have  beeh

 

cakulated in the  present  work  u$_  ing the .2-   rati9 method. The results. obtained confirm the validit)l of this m'ethod and its cÂ

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Publication Date
Sat Feb 01 2025
Journal Name
Magazine Of College Administration&economics For Economic & Administration & Financial Studies
The Design of Optimal Layout Using Computerized Relative Allocation of Facilities Technique (CRAFT) - Applied Research in Al-M'ammon Factory / The General Company for Vegetable Oils Industry
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