Background: Oral health is important to the quality of life of all individuals. Oral lesions can cause discomfort or pain that interferes with mastication, swallowing, and speech. Oral disease is a health problem that is not only a matter of oral hygiene and local condition, but can also be a precursor to other dangerous and potentially life threatening illnesses. The present study was designed to analyze the main clinicopathological aspects of most common oral lesions in patients who visit the Oral Diagnosis Clinic of the College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Patients and methods: This prospective study was performed on 3144 patients from July 2009-July 2010. In this study a total of 3144 patients were examined. Of these 1507 (47.93%) were males and 1637 (52.06%) females. The patients' age ranged between 10 to 79 years. An interview was conducted to collect information using a structured questionnaire which was completed by each patient. The lesions that could not be diagnosed by clinical examinations alone were analyzed histopathologically. Results: Among 3144 patients, only 799 patients (25.41%) had oral lesions. Females constituted 49.81% (n=398) and males 50.18 (n=401). The age range of the patients was between 10-79 years with a mean age of 33.75 years. Anatomic changes and developmental anomalies were considered as linea alba (16.68%), Fordyce's granules (12.37%), torus mandibularis (0.66%), torus palatinus (0.55%). Common oral lesions after those considered being anatomic changes and developmental anomalies were fissure tongue (18.23%), cheek biting (12.15%), hairy tongue (6.51%), and recurrent aphthous stomatitis (5.85%) , ankyloglossia (3.75%) , lingual varicosities (2.87%) , frictional (traumatic) keratosis (2.87%) , denture stomatitis (2.54%), recurrent herpes simplex virus infection (2.43%), traumatic ulcer (2.43%), geographic tongue (1.98%), fibroepithelial hyperplasia (1.32%), denture induced fibrous hyperplasia (1.21%) , angular cheilitis (0.99%) , oral lichen planus (0.88%) , median rhomboid glossitis (0.88%) , peripheral giant cell granuloma (0.22%) , and gingival hyperplasia (0.33%) . Conclusion: Routine examinations of oral cavities are valuable in identifying several oral lesions and this will help to establish early diagnosis and treatment and better prognosis particularly early precancerous and other oral lesions.
Many studies have recommended implying the skills and strategies of creative thinking, critical thinking, and reflective thinking in EFLT curriculum to overcome EFL teaching-learning process difficulties. It is really necessary to make EFL teachers aware of the importance of cultural thinking and have a high perception of its forces. Culture of thinking consists of eight cultural forces in every learning situation; it helps to shape the group's cultural dynamic. These forces are expectations, language, time, modeling, opportunities, routines, interactions, and environment. This study aims to investigate EFL student-teachers’ perceptions of cultural thinking. The participants are selected randomly from the fourth-stage students at the D
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Polymethylmethacrylate film (PMMA) of thickness 75 μm was evaluated Spectrophotometrically for using it as a low-doses gamma radiation dosimeter. The doses were examined in the range 0.1 mrad-10 krad. Within an absorption band of 200-400 nm, the irradiated films showed an increase in the absorption intensity with increasing the absorbed doses. Calibration curves for the changes in the absorption differences were obtained at 218, 301, and 343 nm. At 218 nm the response for the absorbed doses is a linear in the range 10 mrad- 10 krad. Hence it is recommended to be adopted as an environmental low doses dosimeter
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Topological indices provide important insights into the structural characteristics of molecular graphs. The present investigation proposes and explores a creative graph on a finite group G, which is known as the RIG. This graph is designated as ΓRS G2(4) indicating a simple undirected graph containing elements of G. Two distinct ertices are regarded as nearly the same if and only if their sum yields a non-trivial involution element in G. RIGs have been discovered in various finite groups. We examine several facets of the RIG by altering the graph through the conjugacy classes of G. Furthermore, we investigate the topological indices as applications in graph theory applying the distance matrix of the G2(4) group.
The exploitation of obsolete recyclable resources including paper waste has the advantages of saving resources and environment protection. This study has been conducted to study utilizing paper waste to adsorb phenol which is one of the harmful organic compound byproducts deposited in the environment. The influence of different agitation methods, pH of the solution (3-11), initial phenol concentration (30-120ppm), adsorbent dose (0.5-2.5 g) and contact time (30-150 min) were studied. The highest phenol removal efficiency obtained was 86% with an adsorption capacity of 5.1 mg /g at optimization conditions (pH of 9, initial phenol concentration of 30 mg/L, an adsorbent dose of 2 g and contact time of 120min and at room temperature).
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Agricultural development occupies an important position in the economies of developing countries, and its role is greater for the Arab countries. The first task is to provide food security for all the population through sustainable development, which includes the investment of available natural resources and employment opportunities for the rural population, As well as the provision of raw materials for agricultural processing in order to increase agricultural exports to reduce the balance of payments deficit. Sustainable development is linked to increased production and improvement, as well as to food security. On the one hand, it has to cope with the increase in population and if it is possible to achieve a surplus allocated for export, a
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