Background: Cleaning and shaping of root canals successfully requires high volumes of irrigation solutions that can only be applied to the apical third of root canal after enlargement with instrument, so the aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the efficiency of Maxi-I-probe (side-vented needle), in the amount of root canal irrigant penetration for five different master apical file sizes (MAF) and four different degrees of coronal and middle thirds flaring. Materials and Methods: Two hundred resin blocks with simulated root canals were used in this study and divided into 5 major groups (40 for each) based on the size of master apical files (#20, #25, #30, #35, and #40). Each major group was subdivided into 4 subgroups depending on different sizes and depth of flaring (10 for each).The instrumentation and flaring techniques were used as following: 1. without flaring group, root canal shape resembles shape of the master apical K-file, 2. flaring I group, flaring done with Gates Glidden I for 2 mm coronally, 3. flaring II group, flaring was done with Gates Glidden I for 4 mm coronally, Gates Glidden II for 2 mm, 4. flaring III group, flaring was done with Gates Glidden I for 6mm,Gates Glidden II 4mm and Gates Glidden III for 2 mm coronally. Irrigation was done with Max-i-probe gauge 28. Results: By comparing the five different master apical file sizes at four different degrees of flaring, there was an increase in the amount of irrigant penetration with increase MAF size, taper had more effect in small canals size and decreased with further enlargement of master apical file size until no benefit was achieved in large canals size. Conclusions: It was shown that, Max-i-probe had a limited amount of irrigant entrance. Flaring was more effective in small canals than the larger canals in an amount of irrigant entrance; increasing MAF size was effective in an increase amount of irrigant entrance.
Aceclofenac (AC) is an orally active phenyl acetic acid derivative, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with exceptional anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic properties. It has low aqueous solubility, leading to slow dissolution, low permeability and inadequate bioavailability. The aim of the current study was to prepare and characterize AC-NS-based gel to enhance the dissolution rate and then percutaneous permeability. NS.s were prepared using solvent/antisovent precipitation method at different drug to polymer ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3) using different polymers such as poly vinyl pyrrolidone (PVP-K25), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC-E5) and poloxamer® (388) as stabilizer
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The dimensions of bubbles were measured in a stirrer tank electrochemical reactor, where the analysis of the bubble size distribution has a substantial impact on the flow dynamics. The high-speed camera and image processing methods were used to obtain a reliable photo. The influence of varied air flow rates (0.3; 0.5; 1 l/min) on BSD was thoroughly investigated. Two types of distributors (cubic and circular) were examined, and the impact of various airflow rates on BSD was investigated in detail. The results showed that the bubbles for the two distributors were between 0.5 and 4.5 mm. For both distributors at each airflow, the Sauter mean diameter for the bubbles was calculated. According to the results, as the flow rate raised, the bubb
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This study was conducted to describe a protocol for the callus establishing culture of Lavandula angustifolia plant and estimating their content of volatile oil. The quantity of volatile oil callus tissues was compared with that of leaves production. Callus was induced from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Benzyl adenine (BA) in different concentrations. Maximum callus fresh weight was obtained in the combination of 10 mg/L BA and 3 mg/L NAA which reached 18 g after four weeks. The results of this work showed that the quantity of volatile oil from the highest fresh weight callus was 6 ml compared with quantity of 18g of leaves which gave 0.5 ml. Volatile o
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Oral jelly is a semisolid preparation that could resolve problem associated withdosage form’s swallowing, especially in pediatric and elderly ones. This work aimedto prepare oral flurbiprofen (FBP) jelly to improve patient compliance. Heating andcongealing method was used to prepare FBP jelly using three different polymers (pectin,sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose). The effect ofdifferent concentrations of pectin and sucrose on jelly properties was studied. Theresults revealed that both pectin and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose polymers gaveacceptable jelly appearance and consistency. It was also observed that the increase ofpectin or sucrose concentration had a significant impact on jelly viscosity. All pe
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The aim of present study was to develop gel formulation of microsponges of poorly soluble drug meloxicam (MLX) in order to enhance the release and dissolution of MLX which is the limitation for preparation in topical forms. Also skin delivery is an alternative administration for MLX that can minimize gastrointestinal (GI) side effects and improve patient compliance. The microsponges of MLX were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method. The effects of drug:polymer ratio, stirring time and Eudragit polymer type on the physical characteristics of microsponges were investigated and characterized for production yield, loading efficiency, particle size, surface morphology, and in vitro drug release from microsponges. The selec
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Background: Bilastine (BLA) is a second-generation H1 antihistamine used to treat allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. Because of its limited solubility, it falls under class II of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BSC). The solid dispersion (SD) approach significantly improves the solubility and dissolution rate of insoluble medicines. Objective: To improve BLA solubility and dissolution rate by formulating a solid dispersion in the form of effervescent granules. Methods: To create BLA SDs, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K30) and poloxamer 188 (PLX188) were mixed in various ratios (1:5, 1:10, and 1:15) using the kneading technique. All formulations were evaluated based on percent yield, drug content, and saturation solubility. The fo
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The effective surface area of drug particle is increased by a reduction in the particle size. Since dissolution takes place at the surface of the solute, the larger the surface area, the further rapid is the rate of drug dissolution. Ketoprofen is class II type drug according to (Biopharmaceutics Classification System BCS) with low solubility and high permeability. The aim of this investigation was to increase the solubility and hence the dissolution rate by the preparation of ketoprofen nanosuspension using solvent evaporation method. Materials like PVP K30, poloxamer 188, HPMC E5, HPMC E15, HPMC E50, Tween 80 were used as stabilizers in perpetration of differ
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Introduction: This study was designed to examine the effects of addition of the combination of polymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and zirconia (ZrO2) particles to heat cure PMMA resin on impact strength, surface hardness, and roughness. Methods: The 70% (w/w) of polymerized PMMA powder (particle size: 0.70mm) was mixed with 30% (w/w) of zirconia powder (ZrO2) (1mm) to produce PMMA-ZrO2 filler. Ninety acrylic specimens created were divided into three groups containing 0% wt (Control group), 2% wt, and 4% wt, PMMA-ZrO2 filler. Ten specimens were used for impact strength, surface hardness and roughness test, blindly. Data were analyzed via oneway ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test using R 3.6.3. Results: There was statistically signific
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