Background: Mouth breathing can lead to introduce cold, dry unprepared air that insults the tissue of oral cavity, nasopharynx and lung, leading in turn to pathological changes in oronasal cavity, nasopharyngeal and other respiratory tissue, mouth breathing associated with nasal obstruction may lead to many health problems, in particular oral health problems such as inflammation of gingiva, oral dryness, change in oral environment that may decrease pH, salivary flow rate and increase bacteria and dental caries.Aims of the present study were to assess the oral health condition among mouth breather associated with nasal obstruction, including dental caries, oral cleanliness and gingival health condition as well as to evaluate the changes in salivary physical characteristics and salivary mutans streptococci counts, and their relation to oral variables in comparison to a control group. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients with mouth breathing associated with nasal obstruction (15 females and 15 males) were selected as a study group with an age range (18-22) years old, all subjects were examined by ENT specialist to confirm mouth breathing. A 30 gender and age matched healthy looking subjects without nasal obstruction were selected as control. The diagnosis and recording of dental caries was according to severity of dental caries lesion through the application of D1_4MFS(Manji et al., 1989). Plaque index of (Silness and Loe, 1964) was used for plaque assessment; gingival index of (Loe and Silness, 1963) was used for gingival health condition assessment. Stimulated salivary samples were collected according to (Tenovuo and Lagerlof, 1996) and the following variables were recorded: microbiological analysis included the salivary counts of mutans streptococci, salivary flow rate, salivary pH (potential of hydrogen) and then measurement of salivary viscosity by using Ostwald's viscometer. Results: Results of the present study showed that the mouth breathing group had statistically highly significant, higher plaque and gingival indices than nose breathing group (P<0.01) with a positive highly significant correlation between them in mouth breathing and nose breathing groups (r=0.56, r= 0.64, respectively).The salivary flow rate was lower among mouth breathing with highly significant difference than nose breathing (P<0.01), also salivary pH was lower among mouth breathing but with significant differencecompare to nose breathing (P<0.05); statistically a negative highly significant correlation was recorded among mouth breathing group between salivary flow rate with gingival index (r= -0.56). It has been found that salivary viscosity was not statistically significant difference between mouth breathing group and nose breathing group. The salivary viscosity was found to be inversely significantly correlated with salivary flow rate among mouth breathing group (r= -0.38). While it was positively not significantly correlated with plaque index, gingival index and counts of mutans streptococci among mouth breathing group. Data analysis of the present study showed that salivary mutans streptococci counts among mouth breathing group were higher than that among nose breathing group, difference was statistically highly significant (P<0.01). Conclusion: Mouth breathing associated with nasal obstruction may have an effect on oral health status, leading to an increase in periodontal disease and changes in dental caries.
There are many developments in political, strategic aspects in the middle east either in
international field which represented by U.S.A as first polar in world or territorial field which
represent by Turkey and Iran, as territorial powers in the region, Turkish role is fit with
American position in order to draw new map of middle east, Turkey advocate new policy to
confirm its attitude in Euro peen Union and its relation with U.S.A.
Iran adopted policy of Expansion in Iraq, Yamen, Lebanon and Syria, in addition Iran
enlist all it efforts to develop its Nuclear program and enter Nuclear club which make Iran,
Super power in middle east and the world, each Turkey and Iran have certain attitudes toward
all political c
Abstract
All central air conditioning systems contain piping system with various components, sizes, material, and layouts. If such systems in operating mode, the flow in piping system and its component such as valves can produce severe vibration due to some flow phenomenon’s. In this research, experimental measurements and numerical simulation are used to study the flow-induced vibration in valves. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) concepts are included with one-way and two-way fluid-structure interaction concepts by using finite element software Package (ANSYS 14.57). Detection analysis is performed on flow characteristics under operation conditions and relations with structural vibration. Most of
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This paper offers a critical examination of Canadian news guidelines and policies
on user-generated content (UGC) posted on news-related comment sections and
social media.
The outline of how news-related UGC is moderated within Canadian news is achieved
by looking at the online comment policies of major Canadian news organizations like .
the CBC, CityNews (Halifax), CTV News, Glacier Media, Global News, The Globe
and Mail, Narcity Media, Postmedia, QUB (Québecor), and Torstar.The policies highlight how Canadian news organizations have practical strategies
to manage news-related UGC but also call upon positive and negative social
principles, to flag ill practices, foster democracy, and fight against online hate sp
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In the present work, steady, laminar natural convection in nonrectangular enclosures is analyzed numerically with and without fin. Vertical walls insulated while horizontal walls maintained isothermal at different temperature and the fin was placed on horizontal surface. The length of fin was equal (B/L=0.22, 0.44 and 0.66) and thickness of fin was constant. Various parameters are studied: Rayleigh number (from 104 to 107 ), Prandtl number (0.7), number of fin change from (1-3) and aspect ratio (H/L= 0.15 to 0.5). The problem is formulated in terms of the vorticity-stream function procedure. A numerical solution based on program in Fortran 90 with Tec plot program. The finite difference method is used. Streamlines and isotherms are prese
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Graphene-carbon nitride can be synthesized from thiourea in a single step at a temperature of four hours at a rate of 2.3 ℃/min. Graphene-carbon nitride was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy, and spectrophotometry (UV-VIS). Graphene-carbon nitride was found to consist of triazine and heptazine structures, carbon, and nitrogen. The weight percentage of carbon and the atomic percentage of carbon are 40.08%, and the weight percentage of nitrogen and the atomic percentage of nitrogen are 40.08%. Therefore, the ratio and the dimensions of the graphene-carbon nitride were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and it was found that the
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