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The Effects of Enamel Protective Agents on Shear Bond Strength After Rebonding of Stainless Steel Orthodontic Bracket (An in Vitro Study)
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ABSTRACT Background: Bracket rebonding is a common problem in orthodontics which may result in many drawbacks. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of application of two enamel protective agents “Icon” and “ProSeal” on shear bond strength before and after rebonding of stainless steel orthodontic brackets using conventional orthodontic adhesive and to assess the site of bond failure. Materials and methods: Fifty sound extracted human upper first premolar teeth were selected and randomly divided into two equal groups; the first time bonding and the rebonding groups (n=30). Each group was subdivided into control, Icon and ProSeal subgroups. The enamel protective agents were applied after etching (preconditioners). Shear bond strength before and after rebonding of stainless steel brackets were assessed using the Universal testing machine and the adhesive remnant index was used to find out the bond failure site using a stereomicroscope. Then the results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA analysis test and T-test. Results: There were no significant differences in the shear bond strength mean values in either group or their corresponding subgroups. Forty percentage of the bond failure in ProSeal groups occurred away from the enamel where 75% of those were at the enamel protective agents/adhesive interface. Conclusions: The application of Icon and ProSeal did not compromise the shear bond strength and the application of the ProSeal may protect the enamel surface from trauma (cracks, chipping or detachment).

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Publication Date
Wed Feb 25 2026
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The role of leadership skills in organizational trust Analytical research center in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Iraq
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Publication Date
Mon Feb 01 2016
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The role of leadership skills in organizational trust Analytical research center in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Iraq
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Formed leadership skills and organizational trust Based on intellectual that underpinned the current research, as represented leadership skills variable interpretative represented in organizational trust-response variable.

The research aims to test the relationship and the impact of leadership skills dimensions in organizational trust dimensions for the purpose of achieving its objectives were formulated hypotheses main relate to test the effect and the relationship between the variables of research for the purpose of testing those hypotheses applied research on a sample of heads of departments and officials of the people at the center of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, where th

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Publication Date
Tue Dec 01 2020
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Novel use of XRF in the adsorption processes for the direct analysis of cadmium and silver in absorbent Na-alginate beads
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         The Na-alginate bead is commonly used in biotechnology fields such as adsorption due to ion exchange between Ca and Na with elements. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) has proven to be a comparative method in the detections of these adsorbed elements, but the un-flat forming area of beads that can introduce impossible of the detection of element adsorbed. In contrast, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) documents analysis of elements, direct examination, which may analysis the adsorbents of elements. Here, this Study evaluated the possibility by using XRF for the direct analysis for examples of Cd and Ag in a bench stand. This Study compared this to commonly use

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 03 2017
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Determination of the Level of some Adipokines in Hypo-and Hyperthyroids Patients in Baghdad City
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Determination of the level of adipokines (obestatin, vaspin, tumor necrosis factor-? and interleukin-6)in hypo-and hyperthyroid patients from Educational Baghdad Hospital in Baghdad City was investigated. Fifty patients with hypothyroidism and Fifty patients with hyperthyroidism were selected. A control group of thirty euthyroid persons was included. Blood was collected by vein puncture and serum was separated and stored at –20C. Adipokines (obestatin, vaspin, tumor necrosis factor-? and interleukin-6) were estimated using ELISA method. The findings show a significant (p<0.05) increase in obestatin level in hypothyroid patients, while there is no significant difference in hyperthyroid patientsas compared with the euthyroid subjects.

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 16 2018
Journal Name
Al-academy
Employment of Folk Games and Tales in Developing the Skills of Spontaneous Acting in Kindergartens
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Some may think that the games, especially the folk games, are just a means of entertainment and fun and children may resort to them to alleviate the tension they are experiencing at home or school, but the truth is that they carry values and meanings that can be invested in education because they contribute to the development of the personality of the child and enhance self- confidence. The objective of the research is to learn how to use folk games to develop children's acting and   performance skills in the   kindergartens.

The research included a theoretical introduction of three sections: the first section: education through play. The second section: the folk tale and the development of imagination and the

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Publication Date
Thu Jun 01 2017
Journal Name
Journal Of Economics And Administrative Sciences
The Role of Strategic audit in detection of financial corruption cases in Iraq - Proposed Framework
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This research focuses on detecting the financial corruption cases in Iraq in light of adoption the strategic audit, the paper deals with the problem of the proliferation corruption cases particularly financial in Iraq and dramatically in the presence of audit and control devices as well as inspection and integrity devices, which indicates the existence of deficiencies and weaknesses in those devices in the implementation of audit and control functions in order to detect the corruption cases in the economic units in Iraq.

Stems objective of this research through the provision of approach of strategic audit concepts and indicate the extent importance of adopting of strategic audit as a means to detect the f

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Publication Date
Mon Apr 15 2019
Journal Name
Journal Of Global Pharma Technology
The dual role of Gentamicin in gene expression of fibronectin binding proteins in Staphylococcus aureus
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Objectives: The current work aimed to reveal the impact of gentamicin on the fibronectin binding proteins (fnbp) gene expression and its relation to biofilm and agr type in Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: A total of 25 S. aureus isolates were enrolled in this study previously isolated from different specimens. Identification confirmation and methicillin resistance were achieved by amplification of 16SrRNA and mecA. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based assay was employed to evaluate the agr typing. The gene expression of fnbA and fnbB genes was tested by real-time PCR technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration was estimated by micro broth dilution methodology. Microtiter plate method was performed to determine the a

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Publication Date
Thu Mar 30 2017
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-issn 1683 - 3597 E-issn 2521 - 3512)
Clinical Evaluation of Melatonin Alone and in Combination with Pizotifen in the Prophylaxis of Migraine
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The treatment of migraine headache targets the neurovascular mechanism and involves the use of serotonin receptor antagonists. Some of these drugs are used for the treatment of acute attacks; while others are effective as prophylactic measures to decrease the duration and frequency of attacks. Pizotifen, a 5-HTA antagonist, is one of the prophylactic drugs for which the clinical use resulted in low outcomes in reducing migraine symptoms. Melatonin, a serotonin derived neurohormone, was reported to exert many functions like sleep induction, anti-inflammatory, neurovascular regulation, cytoprotection and modulation of neurotransmitter release.  In the view of the involvement of serotonin in the pathophysiology of migraine a

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Publication Date
Wed Mar 29 2017
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-issn 1683 - 3597 E-issn 2521 - 3512)
Gravimetric Estimation of Caffeine in Different Commercial Kinds of Tea Found in the Iraqi Market
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          Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine), which is the most widely consumed stimulant in the world, had been isolated and estimated gravimetrically in fifteen  different commercial kinds of tea found in the Iraqi market.The kinds of tea were chosen according to their differences in the degree of fermentation and the method of processing i.e. black , gray and  green . The isolated caffeine was identified by melting point, sublimation, TLC, chemical tests, UV , IR , HPLC and CHNO analysis.                                 &nb

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Publication Date
Sat Jun 01 2024
Journal Name
University Of Thi-qar Journal Of Agricultural Research
A comparative histological, histometrical and hormonal study between the ovary and uterus of non-pregnant and pregnant local breed cat (Catus felius)
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Samples of the ovary and uterus of local breed cats used to investigate the histological, histometrical and hormonal features. The paraffin embedding technique was used for processing of tissue that stained by hematoxyline and eosin stain, and massons trichrom stain. Ovary of at proestrus or oestrus phases composed of outer cortex that covered by cuboidal germinal epithelium and inner medulla. Tunica albuginea composed of a thin layer of characterized by fusiform stromal cells. The cortex content groups of Oogonial cells, numerous primordial follicles, little primary, secondary and tertiary follicles in addition for 1-2 follicular cysts and mature corpus letium. In pregnant cat the thickness of ovarian cortex was significantly incre

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