Background: Human teeth considered to be an important etiological host factor in relation to dental caries through its morphology and composition. Elements may incorporate in tooth structure during pre and post-eruptive period changing the resistance for caries. The aims of this study were to determine the concentration of selected major (Calcium and phosphorus) and trace elements (Ferrous iron, nickel, chromium and aluminum) in permanent teeth and enamel among a group of adolescent girls in relation to severity of dental caries Material and Methods: The study group consisted of 25 girls with an age of 13-15 years old referred by Orthodontists for extractions of upper first premolars (two sides). Tooth and enamel samples were prepared for chemical analysis according to method described by Lappalainen and Knuttila (1979). Dental caries was diagnosed by both clinical and radiographical examinations following the criteria of D1-4MFS index described by Muhlemann (1976). All data were analyzed using SPSS version 19. Results: The concentration of major elements in teeth and enamel (measured in % of dry weight) showed that Ca ions were higher than P ions. On the other hand the concentration of trace elements in teeth and enamel samples (measured in ppm) showed that Al ions was the highest followed by Ferrous Fe then Ni ions, while Cr ions were the least in concentration. All elements showed statistically highly significant difference in concentration between teeth and enamel samples. Ca/P ratio was higher in enamel than tooth, but the difference was statistically not significant. Major elements (calcium and phosphorus) in tooth and enamel samples recorded negative correlations with DMFS. Trace elements except chromium ions recorded positive correlations with DMFS. They were not significant except for nickel ions in tooth and aluminum ions in enamel. Conclusions: The presence of these elements in both teeth and enamel samples indicated that these elements present in our environment; as foods, water, and air so they incorporate through out the tooth layers during the pre-eruptive period of tooth development, and incorporate the outer enamel surface during the demineralization and remineralization processes that occurs in the post-eruptive periods. Ca and p ions play an important role in mineralization of tooth and enamel. Cr ions may play a role in improving mineralization and crystallity of teeth, while Fe, Ni and Al may act as cariogenic elements.
The research aims to identify the relationship between mathematical ability and academic resilience among secondary school students. The research sample consisted of (280) students of the fourth scientific grade in secondary and preparatory schools of the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Karkh 2. The researchers built - based on previous studies and literature - a test of mathematical ability and a measure of academic resilience. The researchers used the T-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient to compare the results. The results revealed that fourth-grade students possessed mathematical ability and academic resilience. The research proved the existence of a positive correlation between mathematical ability and academic
... Show MoreThe current research aims to identify the level of both psychological comfort and job performance among a sample of high school teachers for the academic year (2019-2020). The researcher has built two tools to measure psychological comfort, and one to measure job performance. The researcher applied the two scales to a random stratified sample of (100) male and female teachers. The results showed a low level of feeling with psychological comfort among secondary school teachers and a good level of sense of job performance. There is no statistically significant difference in the level of psychological comfort according to gender. There is a significant difference in psychological comfort according to the variable of the length of service in
... Show MoreAbstract: The aim of the current research is to identify (the relationship between deep understanding skills and mathematical modeling among fifth grade students) the research sample consisted of (411) male and female students of the fifth grade of biology distributed over the General Directorates of Education in Baghdad / Al-Rusafa / 2 / and Al-Karkh / 1 /, and two research tools were built: 1- A test of deep understanding skills, consisting of (20) test items and a scale for two skills. 2- The second test consists of (24) test items distributed among (18) essay items and (6) objective items. The psychometric properties of validity, stability, discriminatory strength, and effectiveness of alternatives were verified for the two tests fo
... Show MoreSoaking dentures with disinfection solutions is an effective way of keeping dentures in a healthy status; however, immersions in these solutions have a negative effect on the bond strength of denture base and denture teeth. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength between denture acrylic teeth and heat-cured Poly (methyl methacrylate) denture base material (with and without nano silica) after disinfection with different chemical disinfectants for a simulated period of six months. One hundred specimens of maxillary central incisors attached to PMMA were divided into two groups; 50 specimens of PMMA without nano silica and 50 specimens of PMMA reinforced with 5 wt% of nano silica. Specimens of each group were immersed in five i
... Show MoreThe aim of the research is to know the level of mental motivation among students of the Arabic language departments in the Faculties of Education in the universities of Baghdad Governorate and its relationship to their attitudes towards the profession, and the level of orientation towards the profession among students of the Arabic language departments in the Faculties of Education. And the correlational relationship between mental motivation and career orientation among students of Arabic language departments in the Faculties of Education, and the current research is determined by students of Arabic language departments in the Faculties of Education and the universities (Education Ibn Rushd- University of Baghdad, Education-  
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This study aims at investigating the relationship between mindfulness and academic self-efficacy among Northern Border University students. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted the correlative survey method for (97) students. For data collection, the researcher developed a mindfulness scale consisting of (42) items divided into seven topics, each one consisting of six items. The researcher developed an academic self-efficacy scale consisting of (20) items, adopting a five-point Likert scale. The results showed that there is a high level of mindfulness among students at the level of the seven units which formed the mindfulness scale; the conscious thinking unit showed the highest mean value o
... Show MoreThe research is summarized in the construction of a mathematical model using the most common methods in the science of Operations Research, which are the models of transportation and linear programming to find the best solution to the problem of the high cost of hajj in Iraq, and this is done by reaching the optimum number of pilgrims traveling through both land ports and the number Ideal for passengers traveling through airports by Iraqi Airways, instead of relying on the personal experience of the decision-maker in Hajj and Umrah Authority by identifying the best port for pilgrim's travel, which can tolerate right or wrong, has been based on scientific methods of Operations Research, the researcher built two mathematical models
... Show MoreThe problem of housing in Iraq is a long-rooted and rooted problem, and it needs a great effort to find out its causes and thus give essential points that contribute to alleviating and addressing it, and it is worth noting that research into the housing problem and the housing sector in Iraq is not done in isolation from other sectors and studies. As well as the economic policies pursued and the social and political conditions. It is known that the Iraqi economy is a unilateral (rentier) economy, that is, it depends almost entirely on exporting oil and obtaining revenues, and that the economic decision and economic policies followed in Iraq are greatly affected by several factors, including the economic, social and political fact
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